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Summary
Summary
′After using these concepts and procedures for the past four years, I would recommend O′Connor′s approach to all teachers who believe that grades should clearly communicate actual student learning. For educators who want to make grades more meaningful and useful to students, parents, and teachers, this is the book to read′-- Forrest Clark, Math Teacher , Nisqually Middle School, Lacey, WA
′O′Connor not only provides readers with valuable information regarding the theory, context, and purpose of grading, he also includes practical strategies and solutions for classroom implementation′-- Patricia Schenck, Academic Program Coordinator, Educator Preparation , Gulf Coast Community Colleg e
Academic assessment methods should help students grow and develop to their full potential. Many educators would agree, however, that traditional grading practices are incompatible with today′s standards-based systems.
This third edition of the best-selling How to Grade for Learning demonstrates how to improve grading practices by linking grades with standards and establishing policies that better reflect student achievement. Ken O′Connor updates his eight guidelines for good grading, explains the purpose and key elements of each guideline, and offers recommendations for practical applications. The book examines a number of additional grading issues, including grade point average calculation and the use of computer grading programmes. This thoroughly revised edition includes:
- A greater emphasis on standards-based grading practices
- Updated research and additions to the sections on feedback and homework
- New sections on academic dishonesty, extra credit, and bonus points
- Additional information on utilizing level scores rather than percentages
- Reflective exercises
- Techniques for managing grading time more efficiently
An invaluable tool to help individual teachers assign grades that are accurate, meaningful, and supportive of learning, this book also makes an ideal staff development resource.
Table of Contents
ForewordRick Stiggins |
Preface |
Acknowledgments |
About the Author |
Introduction |
What Grading Terminology Is Needed? |
What Is the Context of Grading? |
Constructivist Theories of Learning |
How Do These Concepts Affect Assessment? |
Why Grade? |
What Are the Underlying Perspectives on Grading? |
Grading Practices and Guidelines |
Grading Issues |
1 Linking Grades |
Guideline 1 The Case of Michael's Amazing Passing Shop Grade |
What's the Purpose of the Guideline? |
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? |
What's the Bottom Line? |
What's My Thinking Now? |
A Reflection on Guideline 1 |
2 Using Performance Standards |
Guideline 2 The Case of Sally's Shocking Grade |
What's the Purpose of the Guideline? |
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? |
What's the Bottom Line? |
What's My Thinking Now? |
A Reflection on Guideline 2 |
3 Grading Individual Achievement |
Guideline 3 The Case of Rick's Mysterious Falling Grade |
What's the Purpose of the Guideline? |
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? |
What's the Bottom Line? |
What's My Thinking Now? |
A Reflection on Guideline 3 |
4 Sampling Student Performance |
Guideline 4 The Case of Heather's Grim Grade |
What's the Purpose of the Guideline? |
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? |
What's the Bottom Line? |
What's My Thinking Now? |
A Reflection on Guideline 4 |
5 Changing Grades |
Guideline 5 The Case of Anil's Amazing Improvement |
What's the Purpose of the Guideline? |
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? |
What's the Bottom Line? |
What's My Thinking Now? |
A Reflection on Guideline 5 |
6 Crunching Numbers |
Guideline 6 The Case of Alexis' Absences |
What's the Purpose of the Guideline? |
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? |
What's the Bottom Line? |
What's My Thinking Now? |
A Reflection on Guideline 6 |
7 Quality Assessment and Keeping Records |
Guideline 7 The Case of Brian's Boosted Grade |
What's the Purpose of the Guideline? |
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? |
What's the Bottom Line? |
What's My Thinking Now? |
A Reflection on Guideline 7 |
8 Communicating With Students About Grades |
Guideline 8 The Case of Huan's Lunchtime Surprise |
What's the Purpose of the Guideline? |
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? |
What's the Bottom Line? |
What's My Thinking Now? |
A Reflection on Guideline 8 |
9 Putting It All Together |
Grade Book and Checklists |
Conclusion |
10 More Grading Issues |
Grading Systems |
Grading Exceptional Students |
Computer Grading Programs |
Calculating Grade Point Averages |
Other Legal Issues |
Grading Policy |
11 Communicating Student Achievement to Others |
Report Cards |
Expanded-Format Reporting |
Informal Communications |
Student-Involved Conferencing |
Summary |
12 The Way Ahead |
De-emphasizing Traditional Grades |
Demystifying the Entire Grading Process |
Focusing on the Process of Learning |
Focusing on the Progress of the Individual Student |
Summary |
Recommendations |
What's My Thinking Now? |
Appendix I Glossary |
Appendix II Guidelines for Grading in Standards-Based Systems |
Appendix III A Proposed Grading Policy |
Bibliography |
Additional Resources |
Index |