The science and engineering of cutting : the mechanics and processes of separating, scratching and puncturing biomaterials, metals and non-metals

The materials mechanics of the controlled separation of a body into two or more parts - cutting - using a blade or tool or other mechanical implement is a ubiquitous process in most engineering disciplines. This is the only book available devoted to the cutting of materials generally, the mechanics of which (toughness, fracture, deformation, plasticity, tearing, grating, chewing, etc.) have wide ranging implications for engineers, medics, manufacturers, and process engineers, making this text of particular interest to a wide range of engineers and specialists.

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
1 Controlled and Uncontrolled Separation of Parts: Cutting, Scraping and Spreading	p. 1
2 Fracture Mechanics and Friction: Muscles, Impact and New Surfaces	p. 11
2.1 Introduction	p. 11
2.2 Fracture Mechanics	p. 11
2.3 Friction in Cutting	p. 23
2.4 Muscles	p. 24
2.5 Impact Mechanics and Hammering	p. 28
2.6 Work of Formation of New Surfaces	p. 31
3 Simple Orthogonal Cutting of Floppy, Brittle and Ductile Materials	p. 35
3.1 Introduction	p. 35
3.2 Floppy Offcuts	p. 37
3.3 Different Types of Offcut Formation	p. 41
3.4 Brittle Offcuts	p. 43
3.5 Ductile Offcuts	p. 49
3.6 Offcut Formation by Shear	p. 52
3.7 Finite Element Simulations	p. 67
3.8 Cutting Through the Thickness of Ductile Sheets and Plates: Shearing and Cropping	p. 70
4 Types of Chip: Load Fluctuations, Scaling and Deformation Transitions	p. 75
4.1 Introduction	p. 75
4.2 Energy Scaling	p. 79
4.3 Variations in Depth of Cut and Rake Angle	p. 85
4.4 Cutting with a Built-up Edge	p. 92
4.5 Sawtooth Profile Chips	p. 94
4.6 Classification of Chips	p. 96
4.7 Wood	p. 99
5 Slice-Push Ratio: Oblique Cutting and Curved Blades, Scissors, Guillotining and Drilling	p. 111
5.1 Introduction	p. 111
5.2 Floppy Materials	p. 113
5.3 Offcut Formed in Shear by Oblique Tool	p. 119
5.4 Guillotining Edges	p. 123
5.5 Drills, Augers and Pencil Sharpeners	p. 134
6 Cutting with More Than One Edge: Scratching, Grinding, Abrasive Wear, Engraving and Sculpting	p. 141
6.1 Introduction	p. 141
6.2 Scratching of Low ER/k 2 Solids	p. 143
6.3 Scratching of High ER/k 2 Solids	p. 144
6.4 Grinding and Abrasive Papers	p. 150
6.5 Scratch Hardness/Scratch Resistance	p. 157
6.6 Scratching of Thin Films and Coatings: Pencil Hardness	p. 160
6.7 Erosion	p. 163
6.8 Definitions of the Coefficient of Friction	p. 165
6.9 Engraving, Writing Tablets and Polishing	p. 166
7 Sawing, Chisels and Files	p. 171
7.1 Introduction	p. 171
7.2 Knives and Chisels	p. 173
7.3 Saw Teeth	p. 174
7.4 Files	p. 181
8 Punching Holes: Piercing and Perforating, Arms and Armour	p. 189
8.1 Introduction	p. 189
8.2 Quasi-static Piercing with a Pointed Tool	p. 192
8.3 Quasi-static Circular Punching	p. 199
8.4 Hollow Punches	p. 201
8.5 Arms and Armour	p. 202
8.6 Penetration and Perforation of Armour	p. 209
9 Sharpness and Bluntness: Absolute or Relative? Tool Materials and Tool Wear	p. 221
9.1 Introduction	p. 221
9.2 Tool Materials	p. 224
9.3 Manufacture and Sharpening	p. 227
9.4 Geometry of the Cutting Edge	p. 230
9.5 Measurement of Sharpness	p. 231
9.6 Retention of Sharpness: Tool Wear and Machinability/Cuttability	p. 233
9.7 Effect of Bluntness and Clearance Face Rubbing on Cutting Forces, F C vs t Intercepts and Subsurface Deformation	p. 237
9.8 Cutting Edge Sharpness and Workpiece Critical Crack Tip Opening Displacement	p. 240
9.9 Compensation for Bluntness	p. 242
9.10 Wiggly Crack Paths Produced by Very Blunt Edges	p. 242
10 Unrestrained and Restrained Workpieces: Dynamic Cutting	p. 245
10.1 Introduction	p. 245
10.2 Minimum Speed for Cutting Unrestrained Workpieces	p. 248
10.3 Comb Cutters	p. 250
10.4 Optimum Shape for a Curved Blade	p. 250
10.5 Cylinder Lawnmowers	p. 253
10.6 Rotary Mowers and Strimmers	p. 255
11 Cutting in Biology, Palaeontology and Medicine	p. 259
11.1 Introduction	p. 259
11.2 Biology	p. 260
11.3 Palaeontology	p. 269
11.4 Medicine	p. 272
12 Food and Food-Cutting Devices and Wire Cutting	p. 283
12.1 Introduction	p. 283
12.2 Properties	p. 285
12.3 Food Texture	p. 296
12.4 The Delicatessen Slicer	p. 297
12.5 Wire Cutting	p. 300
13 Teeth as Cutting Tools	p. 307
13.1 Introduction	p. 307
13.2 Jaws and Bite Force	p. 310
13.3 Occlusion and Contact Mechanics	p. 312
13.4 Sharpness and Wear of Teeth	p. 320
13.5 Attack and Defence	p. 322
13.6 Scaling	p. 323
14 Burrowing in Soils, Digging and Ploughing	p. 327
14.1 Properties of Soils	p. 327
14.2 Roots	p. 333
14.3 Earths, Sands and Burrows: Hole-making and Scraping by Animals	p. 335
14.4 Earthmoving and Ploughing	p. 337
14.5 Picks and Crampons	p. 350
15 Unintentional and Accidental Cutting: Supermarket Plastic Bags, Falling Objects, Ships Hitting Rocks and Aeroplanes Hitting Buildings	p. 353
15.1 Introduction	p. 353
15.2 Grounding and Collision of Ships: Diverging and Converging Tears	p. 356
15.3 Progressive Dynamic Fracture	p. 359
15.4 Accidents Involving Cables	p. 360
15.5 The Twin Towers	p. 364
Appendix 1 Friction Forces on a Wedge-shaped Tool Cutting Orthogonally	p. 367
Appendix 2 Friction in Cutting	p. 371
References	p. 375
Index	p. 407

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