Harmonics and power systems

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Title:

Personal Author:

De La Rosa, Francisco C.

Series:

Electric power engineering series

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2006

ISBN:

9780849330162

Subject Term:

Electric power systems

Harmonics (Electric waves)

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010121047	TK3226 D44 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	30000010115563	TK3226 D44 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Harmonics have always been a problem with industrial loads, but now more and more consumer and commercial power loads are cropping up as sources of harmonic currents. Approaching the problem from both utility and end-user perspectives, Harmonics and Power Systems addresses the most relevant aspects in the generation and propagation of harmonic currents in electrical networks.

Grounded in years of practical experience working and teaching in the electric, oil, and steel industries in several countries to address the harmonics problem, De La Rosa elucidates the concepts and equations with worked examples and various illustrations generated using current industrial software tools. From a general overview of the principles and equations used to describe and analyze harmonic currents to the fundamentals of power losses in harmonic environments, this field-tested book offers detailed coverage of passive harmonic filters, harmonic propagation analysis, and alternatives to filtering. The author provides a clear-cut procedure for evaluating harmonic current propagation and assessing their penetration into electrical networks. He also discusses the most important and widely used industry standards to control harmonic distortion levels.

Recognizing the diversity of power networks, this book examines the role of specific characteristics of various types of networks. Harmonics and Power Systems is an easy-to-follow, practical introduction for novices and a useful problem-solving tool for seasoned professionals.

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Harmonic Distortion and Power Quality Indices in Electric Power Systems	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Basics of Harmonic Theory	p. 2
1.3 Linear and Nonlinear Loads	p. 3
1.3.1 Linear Loads	p. 4
1.3.2 Nonlinear Loads	p. 6
1.4 Fourier Series	p. 9
1.4.1 Orthogonal Functions	p. 12
1.4.2 Fourier Coefficients	p. 13
1.4.3 Even Functions	p. 13
1.4.4 Odd Functions	p. 13
1.4.5 Effect of Waveform Symmetry	p. 14
1.4.6 Examples of Calculation of Harmonics Using Fourier Series	p. 14
1.4.6.1 Example 1	p. 14
1.4.6.2 Example 2	p. 15
1.5 Power Quality Indices under Harmonic Distortion	p. 17
1.5.1 Total Harmonic Distortion	p. 17
1.5.2 Total Demand Distortion	p. 17
1.5.3 Telephone Influence Factor TIF	p. 18
1.5.4 C Message Index	p. 18
1.5.5 I * T and V * T Products	p. 18
1.5.6 K Factor	p. 19
1.5.7 Displacement, Distortion, and Total Power Factor	p. 19
1.5.8 Voltage-Related Parameters	p. 20
1.6 Power Quantities under Nonsinusoidal Situations	p. 20
1.6.1 Instantaneous Voltage and Current	p. 20
1.6.2 Instantaneous Power	p. 21
1.6.3 RMS Values	p. 21
1.6.4 Active Power	p. 21
1.6.5 Reactive Power	p. 21
1.6.6 Apparent Power	p. 21
1.6.7 Voltage in Balanced Three-Phase Systems	p. 22
1.6.8 Voltage in Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems	p. 23
References	p. 25
Chapter 2 Harmonic Sources	p. 27
2.1 Introduction	p. 27
2.2 The Signature of Harmonic Distortion	p. 28
2.3 Traditional Harmonic Sources	p. 29
2.3.1 Transformers	p. 36
2.3.2 Rotating Machines	p. 37
2.3.3 Power Converters	p. 39
2.3.3.1 Large Power Converters	p. 45
2.3.3.2 Medium-Size Power Converters	p. 45
2.3.3.3 Low-Power Converters	p. 46
2.3.3.4 Variable Frequency Drives	p. 47
2.3.4 Fluorescent Lamps	p. 54
2.3.5 Electric Furnaces	p. 55
2.4 Future Sources of Harmonics	p. 56
References	p. 58
Chapter 3 Standardization of Harmonic Levels	p. 59
3.1 Introduction	p. 59
3.2 Harmonic Distortion Limits	p. 60
3.2.1 In Agreement with IEEE-519:1992	p. 61
3.2.2 In Conformance with IEC Harmonic Distortion Limits	p. 63
References	p. 67
Chapter 4 Effects of Harmonics on Distribution Systems	p. 69
4.1 Introduction	p. 69
4.2 Thermal Effects on Transformers	p. 69
4.2.1 Neutral Conductor Overloading	p. 70
4.3 Miscellaneous Effects on Capacitor Banks	p. 70
4.3.1 Overstressing	p. 70
4.3.2 Resonant Conditions	p. 71
4.3.3 Unexpected Fuse Operation	p. 72
4.4 Abnormal Operation of Electronic Relays	p. 73
4.5 Lighting Devices	p. 73
4.6 Telephone Interference	p. 74
4.7 Thermal Effects on Rotating Machines	p. 74
4.8 Pulsating Torques in Rotating Machines	p. 74
4.9 Abnormal Operation of Solid-State Devices	p. 81
4.10 Considerations for Cables and Equipment Operating in Harmonic Environments	p. 81
4.10.1 Generators	p. 81
4.10.2 Conductors	p. 83
4.10.3 Energy-Metering Equipment	p. 83
References	p. 83
Chapter 5 Harmonics Measurements	p. 85
5.1 Introduction	p. 85
5.2 Relevant Harmonic Measurement Questions	p. 86
5.2.1 Why Measure Waveform Distortion	p. 86
5.2.2 How to Carry out Measurements	p. 87
5.2.3 What Is Important to Measure	p. 87
5.2.4 Where Should Harmonic Measurements Be Conducted	p. 88
5.2.5 How Long Should Measurements Last	p. 88
5.3 Measurement Procedure	p. 89
5.3.1 Equipment	p. 89
5.3.2 Transducers	p. 90
5.4 Relevant Aspects	p. 90
References	p. 91
Chapter 6 Harmonic Filtering Techniques	p. 93
6.1 Introduction	p. 93
6.2 General Aspects in the Design of Passive Harmonic Filters	p. 93
6.3 Single-Tuned Filters	p. 94
6.3.1 Design Equations for the Single-Tuned Filter	p. 96
6.3.2 Parallel Resonant Points	p. 97
6.3.3 Quality Factor	p. 100
6.3.4 Recommended Operation Values for Filter Components	p. 101
6.3.4.1 Capacitors	p. 101
6.3.4.2 Tuning Reactor	p. 104
6.3.5 Unbalance Detection	p. 104
6.3.6 Filter Selection and Performance Assessment	p. 104
6.4 Band-Pass Filters	p. 105
6.5 Relevant Aspects to Consider in the Design of Passive Filters	p. 107
6.6 Methodology for Design of Tuned Harmonic Filters	p. 108
6.6.1 Select Capacitor Bank Needed to Improve the Power Factor from the Present Level Typically to around 0.9 to 0.95	p. 108
6.6.2 Choose Reactor that, in Series with Capacitor, Tunes Filter to Desired Harmonic Frequency	p. 109
6.6.3 Determine Whether Capacitor-Operating Parameters Fall within IEEE-18[superscript 2] Maximum Recommended Limits	p. 109
6.6.3.1 Capacitor Voltage	p. 109
6.6.3.2 Current through the Capacitor Bank	p. 110
6.6.3.3 Determine the Capacitor Bank Duty and Verify that It Is within Recommended IEEE-18 Limits	p. 110
6.6.4 Test Out Resonant Conditions	p. 110
6.7 Example 1: Adaptation of a Power Factor Capacitor Bank into a Fifth Harmonic Filter	p. 110
6.8 Example 2: Digital Simulation of Single-Tuned Harmonic Filters	p. 113
6.9 Example 3: High-Pass Filter at Generator Terminals Used to Control a Resonant Condition	p. 117
6.10 Example 4: Comparison between Several Harmonic Mitigating Schemes Using University of Texas at Austin HASIP Program	p. 124
References	p. 129
Chapter 7 Other Methods to Decrease Harmonic Distortion Limits	p. 131
7.1 Introduction	p. 131
7.2 Network Topology Reconfiguration	p. 132
7.3 Increase of Supply Mode Stiffness	p. 132
7.4 Harmonic Cancellation through Use of Multipulse Converters	p. 134
7.5 Series Reactors as Harmonic Attenuator Elements	p. 135
7.6 Phase Balancing	p. 136
7.6.1 Phase Voltage Unbalance	p. 137
7.6.2 Effects of Unbalanced Phase Voltage	p. 137
Reference	p. 138
Chapter 8 Harmonic Analyses	p. 139
8.1 Introduction	p. 139
8.2 Power Frequency vs. Harmonic Current Propagation	p. 139
8.3 Harmonic Source Representation	p. 142
8.3.1 Time/Frequency Characteristic of the Disturbance	p. 142
8.3.2 Resonant Conditions	p. 147
8.3.3 Burst-Type Harmonic Representation	p. 148
8.4 Harmonic Propagation Facts	p. 149
8.5 Flux of Harmonic Currents	p. 150
8.5.1 Modeling Philosophy	p. 151
8.5.2 Single-Phase vs. Three-Phase Modeling	p. 152
8.5.3 Line and Cable Models	p. 152
8.5.4 Transformer Model for Harmonic Analysis	p. 153
8.5.5 Power Factor Correction Capacitors	p. 154
8.6 Interrelation between AC System and Load Parameters	p. 154
8.6.1 Particulars of Distribution Systems	p. 156
8.6.2 Some Specifics of Industrial Installations	p. 157
8.7 Analysis Methods	p. 158
8.7.1 Simplified Calculations	p. 158
8.7.2 Simulation with Commercial Software	p. 159
8.8 Examples of Harmonic Analysis	p. 160
8.8.1 Harmonic Current during Transformer Energization	p. 160
8.8.2 Phase A to Ground Fault	p. 160
References	p. 167
Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Power Losses in Harmonic Environments	p. 169
9.1 Introduction	p. 169
9.2 Meaning of Harmonic-Related Losses	p. 169
9.3 Relevant Aspects of Losses in Power Apparatus and Distribution Systems	p. 171
9.4 Harmonic Losses in Equipment	p. 172
9.4.1 Resistive Elements	p. 172
9.4.2 Transformers	p. 174
9.4.2.1 Crest Factor	p. 174
9.4.2.2 Harmonic Factor or Percent of Total Harmonic Distortion	p. 175
9.4.2.3 K Factor	p. 175
9.5 Example of Determination of K Factor	p. 176
9.6 Rotating Machines	p. 177
References	p. 179
Index	p. 181

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