Physical activity instruction of older adults

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Title:

Publication Information:

Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics, 2005

ISBN:

9780736045131

Subject Term:

Physical education for older people

Aging -- Psychological aspects

Added Author:

Jones, C. Jessie

Rose, Debra J.

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Physical Activity Instruction of Older Adults is the first book to detail the fundamental knowledge and skills associated with the training modules outlined in the International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults. The curriculum guidelines, published in 2004, were developed by an international coalition of senior fitness specialists.

Physical Activity Instruction of Older Adults presents the competency-based objectives that fitness instructors should know and be able to perform to lead safe and effective physical activity programs for older adults with diverse functional capabilities.

A comprehensive blend of theory, practical content, and detailed instruction, the text is organized into five parts:
Part I introduces the new field of gerokinesiology; provides an overview of the aging process; and discusses the benefits of an active lifestyle in disease prevention, health promotion, and quality of life.
Part II provides information and guidelines for preexercise screenings and assessments, client feedback, and goal setting.
Part III focuses on the core fitness and skill components of a well-rounded physical activity program for older adults, including warm-up and cool-down, flexibility and resistance training, aerobic exercise, and balance and mobility training.
Part IV introduces specialty program and training methods, including exercise such as yoga, aquatic exercise, and master athlete training.
Part V covers how to apply principles of motor learning to program design; teaching, leadership, and motivational skills; special considerations for specific medical conditions; and legal and professional ethics and standards for instructors.

Application activities at the end of each chapter help the reader to synthesize the information and prepare them to design well-rounded physical activity programs for older adults. Other student-friendly elements include chapter objectives, introductions, summaries, study questions, key terms, and key points. In addition, numerous photos, figures, and tables make the book not just interesting, but visually appealing as well. This book is ideal for undergraduate students, and it is an excellent reference for physical activity instructors of older adults, fitness specialists, personal trainers, and activity directors.

Author Notes

C. Jessie Jones, PhD, is a professor in the division of kinesiology and health science, codirector of the Center for Successful Aging, and past director of the Lifespan Wellness Clinic and Gerontology Programs at California State University at Fullerton. She is a fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Dr. Jones has an extensive teaching and research background in the area of gerokinesiology. Her areas of specialty include assessing functional fitness of older adults, curriculum standards for training physical activity instructors of older adults, and designing senior fitness programs.

Dr. Jones has taught senior fitness classes and conducted training workshops for instructors for more than 20 years. Her national and international reputation for research, program design, and curriculum development in this field has led to her recent appointment as co-editor in chief of the Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. Her work has been covered in numerous publications. She is coauthor of the Senior Fitness Test Manual (2001, Human Kinetics) with its companion training video and software. The Senior Fitness Test is the only functional fitness test with established reliability, validity, and national norms based on the testing of 7,000 men and women between the ages of 60 and 94.

Debra J. Rose, PhD, is a professor in the division of kinesiology and health science and codirector of the Center for Successful Aging at California State University at Fullerton. She is also a professor in the physical therapy department at Chapman University in Orange, California. Her primary research focus is on the enhancement of mobility and the prevention of falls in later years.

Dr. Rose is nationally and internationally recognized for her work in fall risk reduction assessment and programming. Her research in fall risk reduction in the elderly has been published in numerous peer-reviewed publications, including the Journal of the American Geriatric Society, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Neurology Report, and the Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. The innovative fall risk reduction program she developed was recognized by the National Council on Aging as one of seven meritorious programs nationwide that promotes a healthy, active lifestyle. Dr. Rose's entire program was published in her book, FallProof! A Comprehensive Balance and Mobility Training Program (2003, Human Kinetics). She is a fellow of the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education, former executive board member of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, and co-editor in chief of the Journal of Aging and Physical Activity.

Contributors	p. xii
Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Part I Overview of Aging and Physical Activity	p. xviii
Chapter 1 The Field of Gerokinesiology	p. 3
Demographics of Older Adults	p. 4
Benefits of Physical Activity	p. 5
Defining Old Age	p. 6
Gerokinesiology: A New Field of Study	p. 7
Curriculum Development	p. 8
Summary	p. 9
Key Terms	p. 9
Recommended Readings	p. 9
Study Questions	p. 9
Application Activities	p. 10
Chapter 2 Predictors of Successful Aging	p. 11
Biological Theories of Aging	p. 12
Psychological Theories of Aging	p. 14
Sociological Theories of Aging	p. 17
Physical Activity As a Determinant of Successful Aging	p. 17
Summary	p. 19
Key Terms	p. 20
Recommended Readings	p. 20
Study Questions	p. 20
Application Activities	p. 21
Chapter 3 Psychological and Sociocultural Aspects of Physical Activity for Older Adults	p. 23
Aging Stereotypes	p. 24
Physical Activity, Psychological Well-Being, and Quality of Life	p. 27
Social Implications of Regular Physical Activity	p. 32
Promoting Physical Activity	p. 33
Summary	p. 34
Key Terms	p. 35
Recommended Readings	p. 35
Study Questions	p. 35
Application Activities	p. 36
Chapter 4 Physiological Aspects of Aging	p. 37
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function	p. 39
Muscle Function	p. 43
Joint Mobility	p. 45
Bone Mass	p. 46
Neurological Function	p. 47
Summary	p. 50
Key Terms	p. 51
Recommended Readings	p. 51
Study Questions	p. 51
Application Activities	p. 52
Part II Screening, Assessment, and Goal Setting	p. 54
Chapter 5 Preexercise and Health Screening	p. 57
Preexercise Screening	p. 59
Screening Steps	p. 62
Additional Screening Tools	p. 74
Implications for Program Design and Management	p. 77
Summary	p. 77
Key Terms	p. 78
Recommended Readings	p. 78
Study Questions	p. 78
Application Activities	p. 79
Chapter 6 Field-Based Physical and Mobility Assessments	p. 81
Functional Fitness Framework	p. 82
Considerations for Test Selection and Evaluation	p. 83
Recommended Assessment Tools	p. 86
Guidelines for Group Testing	p. 88
Interpreting Test Results	p. 90
Summary	p. 90
Key Terms	p. 92
Recommended Readings	p. 92
Study Questions	p. 92
Application Activities	p. 93
Chapter 7 Laboratory-Based Physiological Assessment of Older Adults	p. 95
Cardiorespiratory Function	p. 96
Muscular Strength	p. 104
Body Composition	p. 105
Balance	p. 107
Summary	p. 108
Key Terms	p. 109
Recommended Readings	p. 109
Study Questions	p. 109
Application Activities	p. 110
Chapter 8 Goal Setting and Behavioral Management	p. 111
Factors Influencing Older Adults' Exercise Participation	p. 112
Strategies for Behavior Change	p. 114
Physically Active Lifestyles	p. 123
Implications for Program Design and Management	p. 125
Summary	p. 126
Key Terms	p. 126
Recommended Readings	p. 126
Study Questions	p. 126
Application Activities	p. 127
Part III Core Program Principles and Training Methods	p. 128
Chapter 9 A New Approach to Designing Exercise Programs for Older Adults	p. 131
Heterogeneity of Older Adults	p. 132
Optimizing Physical Function Through Exercise	p. 133
Exercise Principles for Program Design	p. 136
Specific Exercise Principles for Older Adults	p. 136
Summary	p. 138
Key Terms	p. 138
Recommended Readings	p. 138
Study Questions	p. 138
Application Activities	p. 139
Chapter 10 Principles of the Warm-Up and Cool-Down	p. 141
Physiological Changes Associated With Warm-Up	p. 142
Physiological Changes Associated With Cool-Down	p. 143
Guiding Principles of the Warm-Up	p. 144
Developing the Warm-Up	p. 145
Developing the Cool-Down	p. 149
Summary	p. 152
Key Terms	p. 152
Recommended Readings	p. 152
Study Questions	p. 152
Application Activities	p. 153
Chapter 11 Flexibility Training	p. 155
Age-Associated Changes in Flexibility	p. 156
Types of Stretching Techniques	p. 160
Incorporating Flexibility Training Into the Exercise Program	p. 160
Examples of Flexibility Exercises	p. 162
Summary	p. 173
Key Terms	p. 173
Recommended Readings	p. 173
Study Questions	p. 173
Application Activities	p. 174
Chapter 12 Resistance Training	p. 175
Benefits of Resistance Training	p. 176
Principles of Resistance Training	p. 178
Training Components and Variables	p. 179
Resistance Training for Older Adults	p. 182
Summary	p. 188
Key Terms	p. 188
Recommended Readings	p. 189
Study Questions	p. 189
Application Activities	p. 190
Chapter 13 Aerobic Endurance Training	p. 191
Benefits of Aerobic Endurance Training for Older Adults	p. 192
Principles and Considerations for Aerobic Endurance Training	p. 193
Variables for Aerobic Endurance Training	p. 197
Types of Aerobic Exercises	p. 200
Training Precautions	p. 204
Implications for Program Design and Management	p. 206
Summary	p. 208
Key Terms	p. 208
Recommended Readings	p. 208
Study Questions	p. 209
Application Activities	p. 210
Chapter 14 Balance and Mobility Training	p. 211
Age-Associated Changes in Balance and Mobility	p. 213
Balance and Mobility Exercises	p. 216
Manipulating the Challenge in a Group Setting	p. 224
Summary	p. 225
Key Terms	p. 225
Recommended Readings	p. 226
Study Questions	p. 226
Application Activities	p. 227
Part IV Specialty Programs and Training Methods	p. 228
Chapter 15 Mind-Body Exercise Training	p. 231
Mindful Exercise	p. 232
Mind-Body Exercise Programs	p. 234
Implications for Program Design and Management	p. 239
Mindful Exercise Precautions	p. 241
Yoga and Tai Chi Teacher Training Resources	p. 242
Summary	p. 243
Key Terms	p. 243
Recommended Readings	p. 243
Study Questions	p. 244
Application Activities	p. 244
Chapter 16 Aquatic Training	p. 247
Benefits of Aquatic Exercise	p. 248
Considerations Unique to Aquatic Exercise	p. 251
Aquatic Training Components	p. 253
Summary	p. 257
Key Terms	p. 260
Recommended Readings	p. 260
Study Questions	p. 260
Application Activities	p. 261
Chapter 17 Training Master Athletes	p. 263
Master Athletes	p. 264
Principles of Training	p. 268
Components of Master Athlete Training Programs	p. 271
Training Precautions	p. 277
Summary	p. 278
Key Terms	p. 278
Recommended Readings	p. 278
Study Questions	p. 279
Application Activities	p. 279
Part V Program Design, Leadership, and Risk Management	p. 280
Chapter 18 Applying Motor Learning Principles to Program Design	p. 283
Nervous System Changes and Motor Skill Learning	p. 284
Movement Analysis of Skills	p. 285
Motor Learning Principles for the Physical Activity Instructor	p. 290
Summary	p. 297
Key Terms	p. 297
Recommended Readings	p. 297
Study Questions	p. 297
Application Activities	p. 298
Chapter 19 Teaching and Leadership Skills	p. 301
Teaching Skills	p. 302
Leadership Skills	p. 309
Summary	p. 313
Key Terms	p. 313
Recommended Readings	p. 313
Study Questions	p. 314
Application Activities	p. 314
Chapter 20 Designing and Managing Group Conditioning Classes	p. 317
Key Principles of Group Dynamics	p. 318
Making Group Activity Fun	p. 321
Records Management	p. 327
Marketing Considerations	p. 330
Summary	p. 332
Key Terms	p. 332
Recommended Readings	p. 332
Study Questions	p. 332
Application Activities	p. 333
Chapter 21 Exercise Considerations for Medical Conditions	p. 335
Cardiovascular Conditions	p. 336
Pulmonary Disorders	p. 339
Diabetes	p. 342
Musculoskeletal Conditions	p. 344
Neurological and Cognitive Conditions	p. 347
Summary	p. 348
Key Terms	p. 348
Recommended Readings	p. 348
Study Questions	p. 349
Application Activities	p. 350
Chapter 22 Legal Standards, Risk Management, and Professional Ethics	p. 351
The Law and the Physical Activity Instructor	p. 352
A Risk Management Plan	p. 356
Ethical Guidelines for the Physical Activity Instructor	p. 360
Summary	p. 362
Key Terms	p. 362
Recommended Readings	p. 363
Study Questions	p. 363
Application Activities	p. 363
Appendix A International Curriculum Guidelines for Preparing Physical Activity Instructors of Older Adults, in Collaboration With the Aging and Life Course, World Health Organization	p. 365
Appendix B Professional Ethics for Personal Fitness Trainers	p. 375
Appendix C Professional Ethics for Group Fitness Trainers	p. 377
Study Questions Answer Key	p. 379
References	p. 381
Index	p. 395
About the Editors	p. 405

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