Shock, impact and explosion : structural analysis and design

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The dynamics of shock, impact and explosions are an important consideration in the design of structures. This book provides a detailed and illustrated study of structural dynamics of almost all types of shocks, impacts and explosions. After a comprehensive survey of accidents and explosions, the author covers all areas of basic structural dynamics and provides a full treatment of impact dynamics. Two chapters are devoted to a detailed analysis and numerical modelling for explosions occurring in air underground and underwater as well as formulations for the finite element analysis of shock impact and explosion. The last part of the book deals with many detailed case studies on structures of numerous materials like steel, composites, and concrete structures. Shock, Impact and Explosion is devoted to research and practising engineers, designers, technologists, mathematician and specialists in computer-aided techniques.

Preface: Impact and Explosion - Analysis and Design	p. VII
1 Accident Survey	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Wind, Hurricane and Tornado Generated Missiles	p. 1
1.2.1 Wind Storm Statistics	p. 2
1.3 Impact and Explosion at Sea	p. 2
1.4 Car Collisions and Explosions	p. 6
1.5 Train Collisions and Impacts	p. 6
1.6 Aircraft and Missile Impacts, Crashes and Explosions	p. 13
1.6.1 Recent Investigations with NTSB Participation	p. 34
1.7 Explosions With and Without Impact	p. 56
1.8 Nuclear Explosions and Loss-of-Coolant Accidents	p. 82
1.9 The Gulf War	p. 84
1.10 Recent Air Crashes: Aircraft Impact at Ground Level	p. 85
1.11 The Dust Explosion Hazard	p. 85
1.11.1 Dust Explosions in the United States, 1900-1956	p. 86
1.11.2 Dust Explosions in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1965-1985	p. 87
1.11.3 Recent Statistics of Grain Dust Explosion in the United States	p. 87
1.12 The Explosion in a Flour Warehouse in Turin on 14 December 1785	p. 92
1.13 Grain Dust Explosions in Norway	p. 92
1.13.1 Wheat Grain Dust, Stavanger Port Silo, June 1970	p. 92
1.13.2 Wheat Grain Dust, New Part of Stavanger Port Silo, October 1988	p. 93
1.13.3 Grain Dust (Barley/Oats), Head House of the Silo Plant at Kambo, June 1976	p. 93
1.13.4 Malted Barley Dust, Oslo Port Silo, July 1976	p. 94
1.13.5 Malted Barley Dust, Oslo Port Silo, June 1987	p. 94
1.14 A Dust Explosion in a Fish Meal Factory in Norway in 1975	p. 94
1.15 Smoldering Gas Explosion in a Silo Plant in Stavanger, Norway, in November 1985	p. 96
1.16 Four Grain Dust Explosions in the United States, 1980-1981	p. 96
1.16.1 Inland Grain Terminal at St. Joseph, Missouri, April 1980	p. 96
1.16.2 River Grain Terminal at St. Paul, Minnesota, 10 June 1980	p. 97
1.17 Two Devastating Aluminum Dust Explosions	p. 98
1.17.1 Mixing Section of Premix Plant of Slurry Explosive Factory at Gullaug, Norway, in 1973	p. 98
1.17.2 Large Export Grain Silo Plant at Corpus Christi, Texas, April 1981	p. 99
1.18 Smoldering Gas Explosions in a Large Storage Facility for Grain and Feedstuffs	p. 100
1.19 Linen Flax Dust Explosion in Harbin Linen Textile Plant	p. 101
1.19.1 Explosion Initiation and Development, Scenario 1	p. 101
1.19.2 Explosion Initiation and Development, Scenario 2	p. 103
1.20 Fires and Explosions in Coal Dust Plants	p. 104
1.20.1 Methane Explosion in 17,000 m 3 Coal Silo at Elkford, British Columbia, Canada, in 1982	p. 104
2 Data on Missiles, Impactors, Aircraft and Explosions	p. 105
2.1 Introduction	p. 105
2.2 Types of Conventional Missiles and Impactors	p. 105
2.2.1 Tornado- and Wind-Generated Missiles	p. 106
2.2.2 Plant-Generated Missiles	p. 106
2.2.3 Impact Due to Jet Fluid and Rock Blasting	p. 113
2.2.4 Snow Load as an Impactor	p. 114
2.2.5 Falling or Dropped Weights as Impactors	p. 117
2.2.6 Heavy Lorries, Trucks and Bulldozers as Impactors	p. 124
2.2.7 Railway Trains	p. 130
2.3 Military, Air Force and Navy Missiles and Impactors	p. 131
2.3.1 Introduction to Bombs, Rockets and Missiles	p. 131
2.4 Data on Civilian and Military Aircraft, Tanks and Marine Vessels	p. 192
2.4.1 Civilian Aircraft	p. 192
2.4.2 Boeing 737	p. 193
2.4.3 Boeing 767-200ER	p. 199
2.4.4 Boeing 777	p. 200
2.5 Military Aircraft	p. 205
2.5.1 British Aerospace Tornado Interdictor Strike (IDS) and Air Defence Variant (ADV)	p. 205
2.5.2 Northrop F-5E and F-20 Tigershark	p. 206
2.5.3 General Dynamics F-16	p. 206
2.5.4 General Dynamics F-	p. 2
2.5.5 British Aerospace Jaguar	p. 211
2.5.6 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet	p. 213
2.5.7 Soviet Union MIG Aircraft	p. 216
2.5.8 Other Important Fighter/Bomber Aircraft	p. 219
2.6 Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird	p. 231
2.6.1 Introduction	p. 231
2.6.2 Limited Numbers	p. 236
2.7 Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit	p. 237
2.7.1 Introduction	p. 237
2.8 Grumman F-14 Tomcat	p. 244
2.8.1 Introduction	p. 244
2.9 McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle	p. 246
2.9 Introduction	p. 246
2.9.2 Multi-Role Fighter	p. 247
2.10 McDonnell Douglas F/-18 Hornet	p. 248
2.10.1 Introduction	p. 248
2.10.2 Fighter Prototypes	p. 249
2.11 Lockheed C-130 Hercules	p. 252
2.11.1 Introduction	p. 252
2.11.2 Design	p. 257
2.11.3 Performance	p. 257
2.11.4 Into service	p. 259
2.12 Mikoyan MIG-23/27 "Flogger"	p. 259
2.12.1 Introduction	p. 259
2.12.2 Fledgling "Floggers"	p. 264
2.13 Sukhoi SU-25 "Frogfoot"	p. 265
2.13.1 Introduction	p. 265
2.13.2 Future "Frogfoots"	p. 269
2.14 Sukhoi Su-27 "Flanker"	p. 270
2.14.1 Introduction	p. 270
2.14.2 Production Variants	p. 270
2.14.3 Long-Range Strike	p. 273
2.14.4 Maritime Role	p. 273
2.14.5 Carrier Trails	p. 273
2.14.6 First Operation Cruise	p. 274
2.14.7 Su-27 K Armament Options	p. 274
2.15 Mikoyan MIG 25 "Foxbat"	p. 275
2.15.1 Introduction	p. 275
2.15.2 Mach 3 Spyplane	p. 279
2.15.3 SAM Suppression	p. 279
2.16 Mikoyan MIG 29 "Fulcrum"	p. 280
2.16.1 Introduction	p. 280
2.16.2 Carrierborne "Fulcrum"	p. 280
2.17 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21/Chengdu J-7 "Fishbed"	p. 282
2.17.1 Introduction	p. 282
2.17.2 "Fishbed" Evolution	p. 282
2.17.3 Multi-Variant MiG	p. 283
2.17.4 MiG at War	p. 283
2.18 Mikoyan MiG-31 "Foxhound"	p. 285
2.18.1 Introduction	p. 285
2.18.2 New Design	p. 289
2.18.3 Record Breaker	p. 289
2.18.4 Series Production	p. 291
2.19 EF2000 Fighter Design	p. 293
2.19.1 Introduction	p. 293
2.19.2 Flying Control System	p. 293
2.19.3 No Tailplane Required	p. 294
2.19.4 Direct Voice Input	p. 294
2.20 Saab Viggen (Variants)	p. 294
2.20.1 Introduction	p. 294
2.21 Dassault Mirage F1	p. 296
2.21.1 Introduction	p. 296
2.21.2 Reconnaissance Variant	p. 298
2.21.3 Latest Upgrades	p. 302
2.22 Dassault Mirage 2000	p. 302
2.22.1 Introduction	p. 302
2.22.2 French Operation	p. 306
2.22.3 Weaponry	p. 307
2.22.4 Operators	p. 307
2.22.5 The Future	p. 308
2.22.6 Designing the 2000N	p. 308
2.23 Panavia Tornado	p. 311
2.23.1 Introduction	p. 311
2.23.2 Strike/Attack	p. 312
2.24 Tupolev TU-22 Blinder/TU22M Backfire	p. 313
2.24.1 Introduction	p. 313
2.25 Helicopters	p. 313
2.25.1 Agusta A 101G and Variants	p. 313
2.25.2 McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apache	p. 325
2.26 Main Battle Tanks (MBTs) as Impactors	p. 349
2.26.1 Marine Vessels	p. 349
2.26.2 Offshore Floating Mobile and Semi-Submersible Structures	p. 355
2.27 Types of Explosion	p. 357
2.27.1 Bombs, Shells and Explosives	p. 357
2.27.2 Gas Explosions	p. 383
2.27.3 Nuclear Explosions	p. 384
2.28 Dust Explosions	p. 393
2.28.1 Introduction	p. 393
2.29 Underwater Explosions	p. 396
3 Basic Structural Dynamics for Impact, Shock and Explosion	p. 399
3.1 General Introduction	p. 399
3.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System	p. 399
3.2.1 Unclamped Free Vibrations	p. 399
3.2.2 Solution of the Equation	p. 401
3.2.3 Torsional Vibrations	p. 406
3.2.4 Free Damped Vibrations	p. 423
3.2.5 Undamped Forced Vibrations (Harmonic Disturbing Force)	p. 431
3.2.5 Forced Vibrations with Viscous Damping (Harmonic Force)	p. 441
3.2.6 Single-Degree Undamped Elasto-Plastic System	p. 467
3.3 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom System	p. 468
3.3.1 Undamped Free Vibrations	p. 474
3.3.2 Free Damped Vibration	p. 476
3.3.3 Forced Vibration with Damping	p. 477
3.3.4 Orthogonality Principle	p. 479
3.4 Multi-Degrees-of-Freedom Systems	p. 480
3.4.1 Undamped Free Vibrations	p. 480
3.4.2 Orthogonality Principle	p. 481
3.4.3 Concept of Unit Vectors	p. 482
3.4.4 Undamped Forced Vibrations	p. 483
3.4.5 Non-Linear Response of Multi-Degrees-of-Freedom Systems: Incremental Method	p. 483
3.4.6 Summary of the Wilson-¿ Method	p. 488
3.5 Basic Dynamic Analysis of Sonic Booms	p. 490
3.5.1 Introduction	p. 490
3.5.2 Notation for Sonic Boom Analysis	p. 491
3.5.3 Diffraction and Reflection of Sonic Boom Waves: Analytical Method	p. 491
3.5.4 Method of Analysis	p. 493
3.6 Pressure-Time History of a Sonic Boom Wave on Window in a Building	p. 499
3.6.1 Application to a Sonic Boom Wave Incident on a Building	p. 508
3.6.2 Analysis of Results	p. 513
4 Shock and Impact Dynamics	p. 519
4.1 Introduction	p. 519
4.2 The Impactor as a Projectile	p. 519
4.2.1 Direct Impulse/Impact and Momentum	p. 519
4.2.2 Oblique Impact	p. 529
4.3 Aircraft Impact on Structures: Peak Displacement and Frequency	p. 533
4.4 Aircraft Impact: Load-Time Functions	p. 535
4.4.1 Introduction	p. 535
4.4.2 Stevenson's Direct Head-On Impact Model	p. 535
4.4.3 Riera Model	p. 535
4.4.4 Model of Wolf et al.	p. 538
4.5 Impact Due To Dropped Weights	p. 541
4.5.1 Impact on Piles and Foundations	p. 541
4.5.2 Classical or Rational Pile Formula	p. 545
4.5.3 Impact on Foundations	p. 550
4.5.4 Rock Fall on Structures	p. 552
4.6 Impact on Concrete and Steel	p. 555
4.6.1 General Introduction	p. 555
4.6.2 Available Empirical Formulae	p. 558
4.7 Impact on Soils/Rocks	p. 576
4.7.1 Introduction	p. 576
4.7.2 Empirical Formulations for Earth Penetration	p. 577
4.7.3 Velocity and Deceleration	p. 581
4.7.4 Impact on Rock Masses Due to Jet Fluids	p. 583
4.8 Impact on Water Surfaces and Waves	p. 584
4.8.1 Introduction	p. 584
4.8.2 Impact on Water Surfaces	p. 586
4.8.3 Impact on Ocean Surfaces	p. 592
4.8.4 Wave Impact on Rock Slopes and Beaches	p. 598
4.9 Snow/Ice Impact	p. 602
4.9.1 Introduction	p. 602
4.9.2 Empirical Formulae	p. 604
4.10 Analysis and Modeling of Shock Response of Ceramics	p. 611
4.10.1 Introduction	p. 611
4.10.2 A Comparative Study of Results	p. 613
4.11 Shock Analysis Involving Active Materials	p. 618
4.11.1 Introduction	p. 618
4.11.2 Method of Analysis	p. 618
4.11.3 Input Data	p. 621
4.11.4 Results	p. 621
4.12 Shock Impact Load onthe Container	p. 621
4.12.1 Introduction	p. 621
4.12.2 Shock Impact Load Analysis of Rectangular Container	p. 622
4.12.3 Data and Numerical Calculation (a reference is to be made to Tables 4.18 and 4.19)	p. 629
4.12.4 Drop Analysis Using 3D Dynamic Finite Element Analysis	p. 630
4.13 Shock Load Capacity of Anchor in Concrete	p. 633
4.13.1 Introduction	p. 633
4.13.2 Torque Controlled Expansion Anchor	p. 633
4.13.3 Displacement Controlled Expansion Anchors	p. 633
4.13.4 Shock Load Impact Analysis of Expansion Anchors	p. 635
4.14 Concrete Structures Subjected to Fragment Impacts: Dynamic Behaviour and Material Modelling	p. 635
4.14.1 Introduction	p. 635
4.14.2 Modified Crack Softening Law	p. 642
4.14.3 The Modified Strain Rate Law for Concrete in Tension	p. 643
4.15 Impact Resistance of Fibre Concrete Beams	p. 647
4.15.1 Introduction	p. 647
4.15.2 Slow Flexure Tests	p. 652
4.15.3 Impact Tests	p. 655
4.15.4 Impact Analysis of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beam Using Finite Element	p. 655
4.15.5 Additional Data	p. 655
4.15.6 Results	p. 656
4.16 Bird Impact on Aircraft	p. 657
4.16.1 Introduction	p. 657
4.16.2 Birds, Structures and Bird Impact	p. 658
4.16.3 Aircraft Vulnerable Zones for Bird Impact	p. 659
4.16.4 Material Modelling and Finite Element Analysis and Results	p. 661
4.16.5 LS-Dyna Gap/Contact Elements	p. 665
4.16.6 Bird Striking the Cock-Pit-Finite Element Analysis	p. 668
5 Shock and Explosion Dynamics	p. 671
5.1 Introduction	p. 671
5.2 Fundamental Analyses Related to an Explosion	p. 671
5.2.1 Stress Waves and Blast Waves	p. 671
5.3 Explosions in Air	p. 677
5.3.1 Thickness of the Shock Front	p. 682
5.3.2 Evaluation of Stagnation Pressure, Stagnation and Post-Shock Temperatures	p. 682
5.3.3 Oblique Shock	p. 683
5.4 Shock Reflection	p. 684
5.4.1 Normal Shock Reflection	p. 684
5.4.2 Oblique Reflection	p. 687
5.5 Gas Explosions	p. 687
5.6 Dust Explosions	p. 694
5.6.1 The Schwal and Othmer Method	p. 695
5.6.2 Maisey Method	p. 695
5.6.3 Heinrich Method	p. 697
5.6.4 Palmer's Equation	p. 700
5.6.5 Rust Method	p. 700
5.7 Steel-Concrete Composite Structures	p. 701
5.7.1 Introduction	p. 701
5.7.2 Shear Connection: Full and Partial Interaction	p. 708
5.7.3 Methods of Analysis and Design	p. 709
5.8 Explosions in Soils	p. 724
5.8.1 Explosion Parameters for Soils/Rocks	p. 725
5.8.2 Explosion Cavity	p. 731
5.8.3 Ground Shock Coupling Factor due to Weapon Penetration	p. 735
5.9 Rock Blasting: Construction and Demolition	p. 740
5.9.1 Rock Blasting Using Chemical Explosives of Columnar Shape anda Shot Hole	p. 740
5.9.2 Primary Fragments	p. 742
5.9.3 Blasting: Construction and Demolition	p. 746
5.10 Explosions in Water	p. 751
5.10.1 Introduction	p. 751
5.10.2 Initial Parameters of Shock Waves in Water	p. 752
5.10.3 Major Underwater Shock Theories	p. 757
5.10.4 Penney and Dasgupta Theory	p. 758
5.10.5 A Comparative Study of Underwater Shock Front Theories	p. 759
5.10.6 Shock Wave Based on a Cylindrical Charge Explosion	p. 760
5.10.7 Underwater Contact Explosions	p. 760
5.10.8 Underwater Shock-Wave Reflection	p. 761
5.11 Summary of Primary Effects of Under Water Explosion; Additional Explanatory Notes on Shock Pulse and Waves	p. 762
5.11.1 Detonation Process in Underwater Explosion	p. 762
5.11.2 Compression Loads due to Underwater Explosions	p. 767
6 Dynamic Finite-Element Analysis of Impact and Explosion	p. 769
6.1 Introduction	p. 769
6.2 Finite-Element Equations	p. 769
6.3 Steps for Dynamic Non-Linear Analysis	p. 781
6.3.1 Buckling State and Slip of Layers for Composite Sections	p. 786
6.3.2 Strain Rate Effects Based on the Elastic-Viscoplastic Relationship for Earth Materials Under Impact and Explosion	p. 787
6.3.3 Finite Element of Concrete Modelling	p. 791
6.4 Ice/Snow Impact	p. 798
6.5 Impact due to Missiles, Impactors and Explosions: Contact Problem Solutions	p. 801
6.6 High Explosions	p. 802
6.7 Spectrum Analysis	p. 805
6.8 Solution Procedures	p. 806
6.8.1 Time-Domain Analysis	p. 806
6.8.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis	p. 808
6.8.3 Runge-Kutta Method	p. 809
6.9 Geometrically Non-Linear Problems in the Dynamic Finite Element	p. 809
6.9.1 Introduction	p. 809
6.9.2 Criteria for the Iterative Approach	p. 810
6.9.3 Solution Strategies	p. 811
6.9.4 General Formulation	p. 814
6.9.5 Example: 6.1	p. 816
6.10 Finite Element Analysis of Explosion Using the Method of Explosive Factor	p. 817
6.11 Force or Load-Time Function	p. 819
6.11.1 Introduction	p. 819
6.12 Finite-Element Mesh Schemes	p. 822
A Steel and Composites	p. 835
A.1 Steel Structures	p. 835
A.1.1 Impact on Steel Beams	p. 835
A.1.2 Impact on Steel Plates	p. 839
A.2 Composite Structures	p. 846
A.2.1 Composite Plates	p. 846
A.3 Impact Analysis of Pipe Rupture	p. 855
A.3.1 Experimental Data	p. 855
A.4 Explosions in Hollow Steel Spherical Cavities and Domes	p. 863
A.4.1 Steel Spherical Cavities	p. 863
A.4.2 Steel Domes	p. 865
A.5 Car Impact and Explosion Analysis	p. 867
A.5.1 General Data	p. 867
A.5.2 Finite-Element Analysis and Results	p. 868
B Concrete Structures	p. 877
B.1 Introduction	p. 877
B.2 Concrete Beams	p. 877
B.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Beams	p. 877
B.2.2 Pre-Stressed Concrete Beams	p. 883
B.2.3 Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Beams	p. 886
B.3 Reinforced Concrete Slabs and Walls	p. 891
B.3.1 Introduction	p. 891
B.3.2 Slabs and Walls Under Impact Loads	p. 892
B.3.3 Design for Blast Resistance	p. 899
B.3.4 Steel-Concrete Composite Structures Subject to Blast/Impact Loads	p. 924
B.3.5 An Office Building: Steel-Concrete Composite Slabs with R.C. Protective Walls Under Blast Loading	p. 931
B.3.6 Design and Analysis of a Building Against Blast Loading	p. 931
B.3.7 Impact Resistance of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Panels/Slabs	p. 956
B.4 Buildings and Structures Subject to Blast Loads	p. 959
B.4.1 Reinforced Concrete, Single-Storey House	p. 959
B.4.2 Blast Loads in the Demolition of Buildings and Cooling Towers	p. 965
B.4.3 Impact and Explosion of Cooling Towers and Chimneys	p. 966
B.5 Aircraft Crashes on PWR Containment Vessels (Buildings)	p. 968
C Brickwork and Blockwork: Impact and Explosion	p. 975
C.1 General Introduction	p. 975
C.2 Finite-Element Analysis of Explosion	p. 975
C.3 Bomb Explosion at a Wall	p. 985
D Ice/Snow Impact	p. 987
D.1 Introduction	p. 987
D.2 Finite-Element Analysis	p. 987
E Nuclear Reactors	p. 993
E.1 PWR: Loss-of-Coolant Accident	p. 993
E.1.1 Introduction to LOCA	p. 993
E.1.2 Description of the PWR Vessel and Its Materials	p. 993
E.2 Nuclear Containment Under Hydrogen Detonation	p. 997
E.3 Impact/Explosion at a Nuclear Power Station: Turbine Hall	p. 1000
E.4 Jet Impingement Forces on PWR Steel Vessel Components	p. 1010
F Concrete Nuclear Shelters	p. 1019
F.1 Introduction	p. 1019
F.1.1 US Code Ultimate Strength Theory: General Formulae	p. 1019
F.2 Design of a Concrete Nuclear Shelter Against Explosion and Other Loads Based on the Home Office Manual	p. 1025
F.2.1 Basic Data (Home Office Code)	p. 1025
F.2.2 Additional Data for Designs Based on US Codes	p. 1025
F.3 Design of a Nuclear Shelter Based on the US Codes	p. 1031
F.3.1 Introduction	p. 1031
F.3.2 Wall Design	p. 1031
F.4 Lacing Bars	p. 1035
F.5 Finite-Element Analysis	p. 1041
F.5.1 The Swedish Design and Details	p. 1041
G Sea Environment: Impact and Explosion	p. 1047
G.1 Multiple Wave Impact on a Beach Front	p. 1047
G.2 Explosions Around Dams	p. 1052
G.3 Ship-to-Ship and Ship-to-Platform: Impact Analysis	p. 1055
G.4 Jacket Platform: Impact and Explosion	p. 1057
G.4.1 Ship Impact at a Jacket Platform	p. 1057
G.5 Impact of Dropped Objects on Platforms	p. 1063
G.5.1 Finite-Element Analysis	p. 1068
G.5.2 Results	p. 1075
H Soil/Rock Surface and Buried Structures	p. 1077
H.1 General Introduction	p. 1077
H.2 Soil Strata Subject to Missile Impact and Penetration	p. 1077
H.2.1 Finite-Element Analysis	p. 1078
H.2.2 Results	p. 1080
H.2.3 Explosions in Soil Strata	p. 1080
H.2.4 Craters Resulting from Explosions	p. 1080
H.2.5 Explosions in Boreholes	p. 1084
H.2.6 Explosions in an Underground Tunnel	p. 1084
H.2.7 Rock Fractures Caused by Water Jet Impact	p. 1094
I Underground and Underwater Explosion and Their Effects	p. 1099
I.1 Underground Explosion	p. 1099
I.2 Stress/Shock Waves Propagation: Analytical Investigations	p. 1107
I.2.1 Introduction	p. 1107
I.2.2 The Numerical Model	p. 1108
I.2.3 A Comparative Study of the Finite Element Analysis Results with Cherry and Peterson Results	p. 1114
J Bridges	p. 1129
J.1 Concrete Bridges Subject to Blast Loads	p. 1129
J.1.1 Introduction	p. 1129
J.1.2 Design of the Precast Prestressed M6 Beam for the Overbridge	p. 1132
J.2 Blast Analysis of Bridges Using Finite Element	p. 1148
J.2.1 General Information	p. 1148
J.2.2 Method of Analysis of Girders, Cap Beams and the Deck	p. 1152
J.2.3 Analysis of Results	p. 1152
J.3 Barge and Ship Collision with Bridge Piers	p. 1154
J.3.1 Introduction to Barge and Vessel Collisions	p. 1154
J.3.2 Current Practice in Different Countries on Ship-Bridge Collision	p. 1155
J.3.3 Time Integration of Barge/Vessel Equation of Motion	p. 1162
J.3.1 A Case Study	p. 1163
J.4 Highway Parapets Under Vehicle Impact	p. 1163
J.4.1 Introduction	p. 1163
J.4.2 Post, Bays and Configurations	p. 1165
J.4.3 Design Loading Values	p. 1167
K Luggage Container Subject to Internal Explosion	p. 1177
K.1 Introduction	p. 1177
K.2 Data On Luggage Container	p. 1177
K.3 Analysis and Results	p. 1181
L Blast and Impact on Buildings due to Aircraft Crashes	p. 1183
L.1 Introduction	p. 1183
L.2 Aircraft Information and Other Tower Data	p. 1185
L.3 Input Data and Gneral Analysis of WTC-1 and WTC-2 (WORLD TRADE CENTRE)	p. 1185
L.3.1 Geometrical Data	p. 1185
L.3.2 Aircraft Impact Areas and Speed	p. 1185
L.3.3 Connection Details, Structural Sizes and Other Parameters	p. 1193
L.3.4 Columns, Plates and Spandrels	p. 1193
L.3.5 Typical Structural Details	p. 1195
L.3.6 Analysis of Results	p. 1198
Bibliography	p. 1205
Appendix 1 Subroutines for Program Isopar and Program F-Bang	p. 1297
Index	p. 1359

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