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Summary
Summary
The impacts of natural and man-made disasters have increased exponentially over the past few decades. Moreover, with our global interconnectedness and the growing scale of disasters, today's catastrophic disasters can have regional, national, and even global economic consequences.
Following in the tradition of the successful first edition, Hazards Analysis: Reducing the Impact of Disasters, Second Edition provides a structure and process for understanding the nature of natural and human-caused disasters. Stressing the role of hazard risk management for public, private, and nonprofit organizations, the author and expert contributors cover problem solving, risk analysis, and risk communications to ensure readers are in a position to identify key problems associated with hazards and the risks that they present.
The book details a systematic process of hazards identification, vulnerability determination, and consequence assessment for the natural, built, and human environment. Using a cross-disciplinary approach, this book effectively demonstrates how to use the results of vulnerability assessment, spatial analysis, and community planning to reduce adverse disaster outcomes and foster social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Throughout, the book stresses that hazards analysis is not an isolated process but one that must engage the local community.
Complete with clearly set objectives, key terms, discussion questions, satellite images and maps, and ancillary websites for further study, this authoritative guide covers every element of the hazard analysis process in a step-by-step format. Hazards Analysis presents time-proven strategies for building sustainable communities, identifying and prioritizing risks, and establishing successful disaster prevention and relief strategies prior to a disaster.
Author Notes
John C. Pine serves as the director of the Research Institute for Environment, Energy & Economics (RIEEE), and professor in the department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina. He joined the Appalachian faculty in 2009 after serving thirty years at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge where he directed the graduate and undergraduate Disaster Science and Management Program. At Louisiana State University, he was a professor in the Department of Geography and Anthropology and the department of Environmental Sciences. His research on disasters and emergency management centers on emergency planning, risk assessment, and disaster recovery.
He has worked for many years with public agencies at the federal, state, and local levels as well as non-profit and private entities to identify strategies to enhance preparedness and community sustainability. His publications focus on hazards and disasters including Technology and Emergency Management from John Wiley (2007) and Tort Liability Today from the Public Risk Management Association (2005).
He is currently on the board of directors of the National Committee for the New River, the Learning Lodge at Grandfather Mountain, and an advisory board for the American Meteorological Society. His publications have been included in The Journal of Disaster Studies, Policy and Management, Disasters, Journal of Race and Society, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, Oceanography, Journal of Emergency Management, Natural Disaster Review, Journal of Environmental Health , and the Journal of Hazardous Materials. He received his doctorate in higher education administration and public administration from the University of Georgia, Athens, in 1979.
Table of Contents
| Introduction to Hazards AnalysisJohn C. Pine |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Issue |
| Introduction |
| Terminology of Hazards |
| Views of Extreme Natural Events as Primary Causes of Disasters |
| A Changing Hazards Paradigm |
| Hazards Analysis |
| Hazard Identification |
| Vulnerability Analysis |
| Risk Analysis |
| Linking Hazards Analysis to Risk and Comprehensive Emergency Management |
| Communicating Risk from a Hazards Analysis |
| Community Involvement |
| Values in Community Engagement |
| Conclusions |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| Websites |
| References |
| Hazards IdentificationJohn C. Pine |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Issue |
| Introduction |
| Hazards Identification Process |
| Organizing a Hazards Identification Team |
| Creating a Community Profile |
| Community Assets |
| Environmental or Natural Assets and Risks |
| Sources of Hazards Data |
| Social Assets |
| Economic and Constructed Assets |
| Infrastructure |
| Critical Facilities |
| Economic Activities |
| Mapping Community Assets and Hazards |
| Interdependence of Communities |
| Identifying Community Problems |
| Problem-Solving Process |
| Problem Solving in a Nonstructured Environment |
| Decision Traps |
| Perception of Risks by Citizens |
| Conclusions |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| Websites |
| Population Data |
| Health Data |
| Environmental Data |
| Transportation |
| Energy |
| Business Statistics |
| Mapping Resources |
| References |
| Modeling Natural- and Human-Caused HazardsJohn C. Pine |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Issue |
| Role of Hazard Modeling in Hazards Analysis |
| An Example of a Hazard Model |
| Nature and Types of Models |
| Dynamic Models |
| Deterministic |
| Probabilistic |
| Models Used in Hazards Analysis |
| HAZUS-MH Model |
| Evacuation Transportation Modeling |
| Modeling Community Resilience |
| Communicating Risks from Models |
| Assessing Hazard Models |
| Validity |
| Quality |
| Availability of Model Documentation |
| Data Accuracy, Resolution, and Availability |
| Coupling Models with GIS |
| Static versus Adaptable Outputs |
| Uses of Model Outputs |
| Timeliness |
| Completeness |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Hazard Models |
| Model Limitations |
| Hazard Profiles |
| Sources of Hazard Information for the Hazard Profile |
| Description of Hazard |
| Magnitude |
| Frequency of Occurrence |
| Seasonal Pattern |
| Duration |
| Speed of Onset |
| Availability of Warnings |
| Location and Spatial Extent |
| Conclusions |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| National Flood Insurance Program |
| Hazard Profile Sample for a Tornado |
| Websites |
| Avalanches |
| Dam Safety |
| Drought |
| Earthquakes |
| Flooding |
| Landslides |
| Snow |
| Tornadoes |
| Tsunamis |
| Wildfires |
| References |
| Spatial AnalysisJohn C. Pine |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Issue |
| Introduction |
| Definition of Spatial Analysis |
| Geospatial Data Set |
| Spatial Data Quality |
| Types of Spatial Analysis |
| Queries |
| Using Spatial Analysis to Answer Questions |
| Transformations |
| Buffering |
| Descriptive Summaries |
| Optimization Techniques |
| Hypothesis Testing |
| Spatial Data Visualization |
| Choropleth Maps |
| Conclusions |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| Websites |
| References |
| Risk Analysis: Assessing the Risks of HazardsKevin L. Shirley and John C. Pine |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Introduction |
| Process of Risk Analysis |
| What Is Risk? |
| Quantitative Analysis of Risk |
| Quantitative Analysis of Likelihood |
| Quantitative Analysis of Consequence |
| Qualitative Analysis of Risk |
| Qualitative Analysis of Likelihood |
| Qualitative Analysis of Consequence |
| Views of Risk |
| Using Historical Data in Determining Risk |
| Need for Complete Accurate Data for Decision Making |
| Using Technical Data in Decision Making |
| Indicators of Direct and Indirect Losses |
| Issues in Risk Analysis |
| Changes in Disaster Frequency |
| Availability of Essential Data |
| Depth of Analysis |
| Ranking of Risks |
| Quantitative Data |
| Likelihood-Consequence Matrix |
| Risk Strategies |
| Mandatory Risk Level |
| Extremely Low Likelihood of Risk |
| Accept the Risk |
| Determining Risk Acceptability |
| Personal |
| Political/Social |
| Economic |
| Hazard Models |
| Uncertainty |
| Logic Tree |
| Monte Carlo Method or Simulation |
| Uncertainty Expressed in Interval Estimates |
| Summary |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| Websites |
| References |
| Social, Economic, and Ecological VulnerabilityJohn C. Pine |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Introduction |
| Approaches to Vulnerability |
| Dimensions of Vulnerability |
| Social and Human Vulnerability |
| Economic Vulnerability |
| Environmental Vulnerability |
| Measuring Vulnerability |
| Indicators of Social Conditions |
| Indicators of Economic Conditions |
| Indicators of Environmental Conditions |
| Methodological Issues |
| Scale of Analysis |
| Weighting, Data Availability, and Accuracy |
| Type and Scope of Measures |
| Interdependence of Social, Economic, and Ecological Capital |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| Websites |
| References |
| Risk CommunicationJohn C. Pine and Stephen L. Guillot, Jr. |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Issue |
| Introduction |
| Risk Communication |
| Risk Communication Process |
| Barriers in Risk Communication |
| Risk Communication Tools |
| Communicating Risks with Maps |
| Use of Figures |
| Social Media |
| Targeting Specific Audiences |
| Risk Communication Myths |
| Managing Risks |
| Decision Making |
| Community Engagement |
| Stakeholders Involvement |
| Ethics and Decision Making |
| Legal Issues in Decision Making |
| Indemnification |
| Acknowledging Risk as a Part of Risk Communication |
| Learning as a Part of Risk Communication |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| Websites |
| References |
| Hazards Risk Management ProcessGreg Shaw |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Issue |
| Introduction |
| Terminology |
| Risk Management |
| Hazards Risk Management Framing Questions |
| Framework for Hazards Risk Management |
| Components of the Hazards Risk Management Process |
| Communicate and Consult |
| Monitor and Review |
| Step 1 Establish the context |
| Step 2 Identify the hazards |
| Step 3 Assess the hazard risk |
| Step 4 Sort the hazards by risk magnitude |
| Step 5 Analyze the risks from each hazard |
| Step 6 Group and prioritize the hazard risks and consider risk management interventions |
| Application of the Hazards Risk Management Process |
| Overview |
| Step 1 Establish the context |
| Step 2 Identify the hazards |
| Step 3 Assess the hazards risk |
| Step 4 Sort the hazards by risk magnitude |
| Step 5 Analyze the risks from each hazard |
| Step 6 Group and prioritize the hazard risks and consider risk management interventions |
| Hazards Risk Management and Comprehensive Emergency Management |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| Websites |
| References |
| Planning for Sustainable and Disaster-Resilient CommunitiesGavin Smith |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Introduction |
| Sustainability, Disaster Resilience Climate Change Adaptation, and Hazard Mitigation Planning |
| Hazard Mitigation Planning Policy Framework |
| Hazard Mitigation Plan |
| Power of Plan Making: Tools and Process |
| Planning Process: Building Stakeholder Capacity to Confront Hazards |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| You Be the Planner |
| Websites |
| References |
| Creating Disaster-Resilient Communities: A New Natural Hazards Risk Management FrameworkGavin Smith |
| Objectives |
| Key Terms |
| Introduction |
| Hazard Mitigation Policies |
| Emergent National Climate Change Adaptation Policy |
| New Natural Hazards Risk Management Policy Framework |
| Expand Natural Hazards Analysis to Include Sustainable Development and Disaster-Resilient Themes |
| Use Risk Assessment Findings to Guide Land Use and Scenario-Based Planning That Assesses Current and Future Vulnerability |
| Assess Hazard Risk Management Policies, Programs, Plans, and Projects as Part of a Larger Effort to Build Local Capacity and Self-Reliance through a Risk Governance Strategy |
| Balance Incentives and Penalties Affecting Human Settlement |
| Pattern Adjustments: A Critical Look at Existing Hazard Mitigation Programs |
| Assess Losses Avoided and Build Disaster-Resilient Communities in the Age of Climate Change |
| Recommendations for Action |
| Draw Lessons from a National Assessment of Local Hazard Mitigation Plans |
| Place a Greater Emphasis on Land-Use Decisions and Human Settlement Patterns |
| Establish a Robust Training and Capacity-Building Approach |
| Enact Sanctions for Low-Performing States and Communities that Underperform and Provide Benefits to Communities and States that Develop Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plans |
| Engage Professional Land-Use Planners in the Implementation of the Proposed Natural Hazards Management Framework |
| Facilitate the Use of Planners as Agents of Social Change and Policy Learning |
| Include Hazards Analysis in Planning for Climate Change |
| Summary and Conclusions |
| Discussion Questions |
| Applications |
| You Be the Policy Analyst |
| You Be the Planner |
| References |
| Index |
