Title:
Optical networking & WDM
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Berkeley, CA : Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 2001
Physical Description:
xviii, 556 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9780072130782
Available:*
Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searching... | 30000010178524 | TK5103.59 G67 2001 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
On Order
Summary
Summary
This work attempts to demystify the operation of all optical networking technologies in general and DWDM in particular. It discusses when, why and how to uses optical networks and gives step-by-step guidelines for implementation. IT also covers optical networking in WAN, including optical networking with ATM, IP and SONET.
Author Notes
Walter Goralski, (Hopkins, MN) has spent more than 30 years in the data communications field, including 14 years with AT&T. He is currently a Developer and a Member of the Technical Staff with Juniper Networks. Prior to joining Juniper he was a Senior Member of Technical Staff with Hill Associates, a technical training firm in Colchester, Vermont, and an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Pace University Graduate School in New York. He is the best-selling author of several books on ADSL and DSL, ATM, Frame Relay and SONET and has written articles on data communications and other issues.
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. xv |
| Acknowledgements | p. xvii |
| Part I Electrical and Optical | |
| 1 Electrical Transmission Systems | p. 3 |
| The First Optical Networks | p. 4 |
| Electrical Telegraph Transmission | p. 9 |
| Electrical Telephone Transmission | p. 16 |
| Carrier Systems | p. 20 |
| Analog Carrier Systems | p. 20 |
| Digital Carrier Systems | p. 24 |
| Local Area Networks | p. 28 |
| 2 Fiber Optic Cable Fundamentals | p. 33 |
| Optical Networking Defined | p. 34 |
| Guiding Light | p. 35 |
| Pushing Light Through Glass | p. 41 |
| Advantages of Fiber Optic Cable | p. 45 |
| Drawbacks of Fiber Optic Cable | p. 50 |
| Fiber Optic Connectors | p. 52 |
| Making Fiber Optic Cable | p. 58 |
| Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD) | p. 60 |
| Vapor-Phase Axial Deposition (VAD) | p. 62 |
| Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) | p. 62 |
| Plasma-Activated Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) | p. 62 |
| Fiber Optic Cable Types | p. 63 |
| Multimode Step Index Fiber | p. 64 |
| Multimode Graded Index (GRIN) Fiber | p. 65 |
| Single-Mode Fiber | p. 66 |
| Dealing with Chromatic Dispersion and Waveguide Dispersion | p. 67 |
| Dispersion Shifted Fibers | p. 69 |
| 3 Transmitters and Receivers | p. 73 |
| A Simple Fiber Optic Link | p. 74 |
| Regenerative Repeaters | p. 77 |
| Wavelengths | p. 80 |
| Fibers and Operational Wavelengths | p. 83 |
| Lasers from LEDs | p. 85 |
| The Tunable Laser Diode Operating at 1550 nm | p. 88 |
| Optical Receivers | p. 91 |
| PIN Diodes | p. 91 |
| Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) | p. 92 |
| Other Types of Receivers | p. 95 |
| 4 Optical Transmission Systems | p. 99 |
| Fiber Optics in the LAN | p. 100 |
| FDDI | p. 103 |
| Ethernet as 10Base-F and 100Base-FX | p. 105 |
| Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet | p. 108 |
| Fibre Channel | p. 111 |
| Fiber Optics in the WAN | p. 112 |
| Telephone Trunking Systems | p. 112 |
| Access Networks | p. 114 |
| Cable TV Systems | p. 117 |
| Military and Industrial Uses of Fiber | p. 121 |
| MANs and the Power Budget | p. 121 |
| Computing the Optical Power Budget | p. 123 |
| Part II Optical Fiber and Electrical Nodes | |
| 5 SONET/SDH | p. 135 |
| SONET/SDH Architecture and Protocols | p. 136 |
| SONET/SDH Speeds | p. 137 |
| STS-1 Frame Structure | p. 140 |
| The SDH Frame Structure | p. 143 |
| SONET Architecture Layers | p. 144 |
| SDH Layers | p. 146 |
| "Super-Rate Payloads" in SONET | p. 148 |
| STS-3c (OC-3c) SPE | p. 150 |
| Lower-Rate SONET Payloads (VTs) | p. 151 |
| Other SONET/SDH Payloads | p. 154 |
| SONET/SDH Network Elements (NEs) | p. 154 |
| SONET/SDH Rings | p. 157 |
| SONET/SDH Ring Basics | p. 157 |
| Unidirectional versus Bidirectional | p. 160 |
| Two-Fiber versus Four-Fiber Rings | p. 161 |
| Line Switching versus Path Switching | p. 162 |
| 6 WDM and DWDM | p. 165 |
| Single-Wavelength Limitations | p. 166 |
| Small Serial Bit Intervals | p. 167 |
| Speed-Specific Repeaters | p. 168 |
| Expensive New Fiber Runs | p. 169 |
| WDM and DWDM Made Possible | p. 170 |
| Special Fibers for Optical Networking | p. 171 |
| The Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) | p. 175 |
| The Tunable Laser Diode Operating at 1,550 nm | p. 179 |
| In-Fiber Bragg Grating | p. 184 |
| WDM | p. 187 |
| Introduction to DWDM | p. 188 |
| DWDM Impairments | p. 190 |
| The ITU DWDM Grid | p. 193 |
| 7 Optical Networking Nodes | p. 195 |
| The Optical ADM (OADM) | p. 196 |
| Optical Cross-Connects | p. 198 |
| Optical Transponders | p. 202 |
| Putting the Pieces Together | p. 204 |
| Optical Switching Architectures | p. 206 |
| MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) | p. 207 |
| Thermo-Optical Waveguides | p. 209 |
| The Bubble Switch | p. 211 |
| Liquid Crystal Switches | p. 213 |
| NonLinear Kerr Effect Switches | p. 215 |
| Optical Routers | p. 217 |
| Optical Rings | p. 221 |
| Wavelengths and SONET/SDH | p. 222 |
| Part III Wide-Area Optical Networking | |
| 8 SONET/SDH Migration | p. 225 |
| Adding Value to DWDM | p. 226 |
| SONET/SDH Overhead | p. 227 |
| SONET Overhead | p. 227 |
| SDH (and OC-3c) Overhead | p. 234 |
| Reinventing the Wheel | p. 237 |
| G.975 and FEC | p. 237 |
| Digital Wrappers and Optical Networking | p. 240 |
| Why Banish SONET/SDH? | p. 241 |
| Fractional Optical Transports | p. 241 |
| Dynamic Bandwidth Delivery | p. 242 |
| Bandwidth Bursting | p. 242 |
| Optical Virtual Private Networks | p. 242 |
| Variable Bandwidth User Connections | p. 243 |
| Market Differentiation | p. 243 |
| The Importance of Legacy Voice | p. 244 |
| Virtual Tributaries | p. 245 |
| SONET/SDH to Optical Network Migration | p. 254 |
| 9 Optical Networking and ATM | p. 257 |
| What's Wrong with ATM? | p. 258 |
| The Basics of ATM | p. 260 |
| How ATM Builds a Network | p. 262 |
| How ATM Multiplexes | p. 265 |
| Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) and ATM | p. 267 |
| ATM Virtual Channels and Paths | p. 270 |
| ATM Signaling Principles | p. 271 |
| First Cracks in ATM: Where's B-ISDN? | p. 272 |
| ATM LAN Emulation (LANE) | p. 272 |
| Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) | p. 274 |
| Whither ATM? | p. 276 |
| ATM in the Optical World | p. 278 |
| 10 Optical Networking and IP | p. 283 |
| The Internet Protocol Suite | p. 286 |
| The Internet and TCP/IP | p. 288 |
| Origins of TCP/IP | p. 289 |
| TCP/IP Architecture | p. 291 |
| IP Packet Header | p. 297 |
| The Router and the Switch | p. 299 |
| MPLS: Switching Comes to IP | p. 302 |
| MPLS as an Optical Control Channel | p. 305 |
| Getting IP Packets Onto DWDM | p. 306 |
| The Optical Router | p. 308 |
| Part IV Local Area Networks | |
| 11 Fiber LANs and Optical Networks | p. 313 |
| FDDI | p. 315 |
| FDDI and DWDM | p. 318 |
| Fibre Channel | p. 321 |
| Fibre Channel and DWDM | p. 326 |
| SAN/LAN/MAN? | p. 329 |
| Testing FDDI and FC with DWDM | p. 329 |
| Bit Error Rates | p. 330 |
| Loss Testing | p. 331 |
| Optical Return Loss and Reflectance | p. 332 |
| Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) | p. 332 |
| Amplifier Gain | p. 333 |
| Central Wavelength and Drift | p. 333 |
| Crosstalk | p. 334 |
| Nonlinear Impairments | p. 335 |
| 12 Gigabit Ethernet and Optical Networking | p. 337 |
| The Magic Ethernet Name | p. 338 |
| What Makes Ethernet Ethernet? | p. 339 |
| A Case Study: 100VG-AnyLAN | p. 340 |
| Optical Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet | p. 343 |
| Using GBE | p. 345 |
| GBE Frames | p. 347 |
| 10 Gigabit Ethernet | p. 349 |
| The LAN Invades the WAN? | p. 351 |
| GBE and 10 GBE and Optical Networking | p. 351 |
| GBE and 10 GBE: Is Anything Else Needed? | p. 358 |
| Part V Residential Optical Networks | |
| 13 Digital Cable TV Networks | p. 363 |
| History of Cable Television | p. 364 |
| When Cable TV Meant Coaxial Cable | p. 368 |
| Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Cable TV | p. 370 |
| The Cable Modem | p. 374 |
| Passive Optical Networks (PONs) | p. 378 |
| Digital TV (DTV) | p. 379 |
| Cable TV and Optical Networking | p. 381 |
| 14 Telephony and Fiber to the Home | p. 387 |
| The PSTN in the United States Today | p. 388 |
| The PSTN | p. 389 |
| Meet the Players | p. 391 |
| Fiber in the Loop | p. 395 |
| DSL and DLC | p. 397 |
| The Passive Optical Network (PON) and Fiber to the Home (FTTH) | p. 403 |
| The Telephone Network and Optical Networking | p. 404 |
| The Telephone Network and DWDM | p. 406 |
| Part VI Putting It All Together | |
| 15 Fiber, Fiber Everywhere | p. 413 |
| Optical "Dial Tone" | p. 415 |
| The Signaling Network | p. 416 |
| SS7 and IP | p. 418 |
| VoIP, SS7, and Optical Networking | p. 420 |
| Undersea DWDM Fiber | p. 423 |
| Laying the Fiber | p. 428 |
| DWDM Testing | p. 429 |
| Testing the Optical Network | p. 434 |
| What to Test | p. 435 |
| 16 Wireless | p. 437 |
| Wireless Telephony Systems | p. 438 |
| Analog Cellular Telephony: The First Generation (1G) | p. 439 |
| Digital Cellular Telephony: The Second Generation (2G) | p. 442 |
| Data over Wireless | p. 447 |
| Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) | p. 448 |
| Mobile IP | p. 448 |
| UMTS and 3G | p. 449 |
| The Wireless LAN | p. 451 |
| Bluetooth | p. 458 |
| Wireless Broadband | p. 462 |
| MMDS | p. 462 |
| LMDS | p. 466 |
| FWPMP | p. 469 |
| Satellite Systems | p. 470 |
| Free Space Optics | p. 470 |
| FSO Advantages | p. 473 |
| FSO Disadvantages | p. 473 |
| FSO Architectures | p. 475 |
| FSO and DWDM | p. 477 |
| Wireless and Optical Networking | p. 477 |
| 17 Optical Networking Issues | p. 479 |
| What Can Go Wrong? | p. 480 |
| Networks | p. 480 |
| Equipment | p. 481 |
| Services | p. 483 |
| Faster Evolution: Optics or Wireless? | p. 484 |
| CDMA | p. 485 |
| Optical CDMA | p. 488 |
| Optical Computing | p. 489 |
| Into the Future | p. 494 |
| Dark Solitons | p. 494 |
| Light Guiding Light | p. 494 |
| ZBLAN Fiber | p. 495 |
| Part VII Reference | |
| A Fiber Optic Cables | p. 499 |
| Fibers Need Protection | p. 500 |
| Basic Fiber Cable Environments | p. 501 |
| Long Distance Outdoor Buried Cable | p. 501 |
| Campus Range Outdoor Buried Cable | p. 501 |
| Outdoor Aerial Cable | p. 501 |
| High-voltage Ground Wire Outdoor Aerial Cable | p. 501 |
| Undersea Cable | p. 502 |
| Indoor Cable | p. 502 |
| Jumper or Patch Cables | p. 502 |
| Basic Fiber Optic Cable Construction | p. 502 |
| The Four Major Cable Types | p. 504 |
| Outdoor Cable | p. 504 |
| Indoor Cables | p. 507 |
| Air-Blown Fiber (ABF) | p. 508 |
| Undersea Cables | p. 509 |
| B Acronym List | p. 511 |
| C References | p. 535 |
| Bibliography | p. 536 |
| Magazine articles | p. 536 |
| Index | p. 537 |
