An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust

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Title:

Personal Author:

Krugel, Endrik

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2008

Physical Description:

xiii, 387 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.

ISBN:

9781584887072

Subject Term:

Cosmic dust

Interstellar matter

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010169795	QB791 K78 2008	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Streamlining the extensive information from the original, highly acclaimed monograph, this new An Introduction to the Physics of Interstellar Dust provides a concise reference and overview of interstellar dust and the interstellar medium. Drawn from a graduate course taught by the author, a highly regarded figure in the field, this all-in-one book emphasizes astronomical formulae and astronomical problems to give a solid foundation for the further study of interstellar medium.

Covering all phenomena associated with cosmic dust, this inclusive text eliminates the need to consult special physical literature by providing a comprehensive introduction in one source. The book addresses the absorption and scattering of dust, its creation in old stars, as well as emission, cohesion, and electrical charge. With strong attention to detail, the author facilitates a complete understanding from which to build a more versatile application and manipulation of the information. Providing insightful explanations for the utilization of many formulae, the author instructs in the effective investigation of astronomical objects for determining basic parameters. The book offers numerous figures displaying basic properties of dust such as optical constants, specific heat, and absorption and scattering coefficients making it accessible for the reader to apply these numbers to the problem at hand. There is an extensive section and comprehensive introduction to radiative transfer in a dusty medium with many practical pieces of advice and ample illustrations to guide astronomers wishing to implement radiative transfer code themselves.

An unparalleled amount of astronomical information in an accessible and palatable resource, An Introduction to the Physics of Interstellar Dust provides the most complete foundational reference available on the subject.

Author Notes

Krugel, Endrik

1 The dielectric permeability	p. 1
1.1 How the electromagnetic field acts on dust	p. 1
1.1.1 Electric field and magnetic induction	p. 1
1.1.2 Electric polarization of the medium	p. 2
1.1.3 Magnetic polarization of the medium	p. 6
1.1.4 Free charges and polarization charges	p. 7
1.1.5 The field equations	p. 9
1.1.6 Waves in a dielectric medium	p. 9
1.1.7 Energy dissipation of a grain in a variable field	p. 12
1.2 The harmonic oscillator	p. 13
1.2.1 The Lorentz model	p. 14
1.2.2 Dissipation of energy	p. 17
1.2.3 Dispersion relation of the dielectric permeability	p. 18
1.2.4 The harmonic oscillator and light	p. 20
1.2.5 Radiation damping	p. 23
1.2.6 The cross section of an harmonic oscillator	p. 24
1.3 Waves in a conducting medium	p. 25
1.3.1 The dielectric permeability of a conductor	p. 25
1.3.2 Conductivity and the Drude profile	p. 27
2 How to evaluate grain cross sections	p. 29
2.1 Defining cross sections	p. 29
2.1.1 Cross section for scattering, absorption and extinction	p. 29
2.1.2 Phase function and cross section for radiation pressure	p. 31
2.1.3 Efficiencies, mass and volume coefficients	p. 32
2.2 The optical theorem	p. 32
2.2.1 The intensity of forward scattered light	p. 33
2.2.2 The refractive index of a dusty medium	p. 35
2.3 Mie theory for a sphere	p. 37
2.3.1 The formalism	p. 37
2.3.2 Scattered and absorbed power	p. 38
2.4 Polarization and scattering	p. 39
2.4.1 The amplitude scattering matrix	p. 40
2.4.2 Angle-dependence of scattering	p. 41
2.4.3 The polarization ellipse	p. 41
2.4.4 Stokes parameters	p. 42
2.5 The discrete dipole approximation	p. 45
2.6 The Kramers-Kronig relations	p. 47
2.6.1 The KK relation for the dielectric permeability	p. 47
2.6.2 Three corollaries of the KK relation	p. 47
2.7 Composite grains	p. 50
2.7.1 Effective medium theories	p. 50
2.7.2 The influence of grain size, ice and porosity	p. 54
3 Very small and very big particles	p. 59
3.1 Tiny spheres	p. 59
3.1.1 Approximating the efficiencies	p. 59
3.1.2 Polarization and angle-dependent scattering	p. 64
3.1.3 Small-size effects beyond Mie theory	p. 64
3.2 Tiny ellipsoids	p. 65
3.2.1 Cross section and shape factor of pancakes and cigars	p. 66
3.2.2 Randomly oriented ellipsoids	p. 67
3.3 The fields inside a dielectric particle	p. 70
3.3.1 Internal field and depolarization field	p. 70
3.3.2 Depolarization field and surface charges	p. 70
3.3.3 The local field at an atom	p. 71
3.3.4 The relation of Clausius-Mossotti	p. 72
3.4 Very large particles	p. 73
3.4.1 Babinet's theorem	p. 73
3.4.2 Reflection and transmission at a plane surface	p. 75
3.4.3 Huygens' principle	p. 77
3.5 Grains of small refractive index	p. 80
3.5.1 Rayleigh Gans particles	p. 80
3.5.2 X-ray scattering	p. 81
3.5.3 X-ray absorption	p. 82
4 Case studies of Mie calculus	p. 85
4.1 Efficiencies of bare spheres	p. 85
4.1.1 Scattering and absorption	p. 85
4.1.2 Efficiency vs. cross section and volume coefficient	p. 90
4.2 Scattering by bare spheres	p. 92
4.2.1 The intensity pattern of scattered light	p. 92
4.2.2 The polarization of scattered light	p. 93
4.3 Linear polarization through extinction	p. 96
4.4 Coated spheres	p. 97
4.5 Surface modes in small grains	p. 99
4.5.1 Small graphite spheres	p. 99
4.5.2 Ellipsoids and metals	p. 100
5 Structure and composition of dust	p. 101
5.1 Crystal structure	p. 101
5.1.1 Translational symmetry	p. 101
5.1.2 Lattice types	p. 102
5.1.3 The reciprocal lattice	p. 105
5.2 Binding in crystals	p. 107
5.2.1 Covalent and ionic bonding	p. 107
5.2.2 Metals	p. 108
5.2.3 Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bridges	p. 110
5.3 Carbonaceous grains and silicate grains	p. 111
5.3.1 Origin of the two major dust constituents	p. 111
5.3.2 The bonding in carbon	p. 112
5.3.3 Carbon compounds	p. 113
5.3.4 Silicates	p. 117
5.3.5 The origin of the elements found in dust grains	p. 120
5.4 Optical constants of dust materials	p. 121
5.5 Grain sizes	p. 128
5.5.1 The MRN size distribution	p. 128
5.5.2 Collisional fragmentation	p. 129
6 Dust radiation	p. 131
6.1 Kirchhoff's law	p. 131
6.1.1 The emissivity of dust	p. 131
6.1.2 Thermal emission of grains	p. 132
6.1.3 Absorption and emission in thermal equilibrium	p. 133
6.2 The temperature of big grains	p. 134
6.2.1 The energy equation	p. 134
6.2.2 Temperature estimates	p. 135
6.2.3 Relation between grain size and grain temperature	p. 137
6.2.4 Dust temperatures from observations	p. 138
6.3 The emission of big grains	p. 140
6.3.1 Constant temperature and low optical depth	p. 140
6.3.2 Total emission and cooling rate of a grain	p. 143
6.4 Calorific properties of solids	p. 143
6.4.1 Traveling waves in a crystal	p. 145
6.4.2 Internal energy of a grain	p. 148
6.4.3 The Debye temperature	p. 149
6.4.4 Specific heat	p. 150
6.4.5 Two-dimensional lattices	p. 151
6.5 Temperature fluctuations of very small grains	p. 152
6.5.1 The probability density P(T)	p. 153
6.5.2 The transition matrix	p. 153
6.5.3 The stochastic time evolution of grain temperature	p. 155
6.6 The emission spectrum of very small grains	p. 156
6.6.1 Moderate fluctuations	p. 156
6.6.2 Strong fluctuations	p. 158
6.6.3 Temperature fluctuations and flux ratios	p. 159
7 Dust and its environment	p. 161
7.1 Grain charge	p. 161
7.1.1 Charge equilibrium in the absence of a UV field	p. 161
7.1.2 The photoelectric effect	p. 163
7.2 Grain motion	p. 166
7.2.1 Random walk	p. 167
7.2.2 The drag on a grain subjected to an outer force	p. 167
7.2.3 Brownian motion of a grain	p. 170
7.3 Dust in the solar system	p. 172
7.3.1 Interplanetary dust	p. 172
7.3.2 The Poynting-Robertson effect	p. 173
7.3.3 Electromagnetic forces on grains: Dust from Io	p. 174
7.3.4 Shooting stars and less belligerent meteoroids	p. 176
7.4 Grain destruction	p. 181
7.4.1 Mass balance of gas and dust in the Milky Way	p. 181
7.4.2 Destruction processes	p. 183
7.5 Grain formation	p. 184
7.5.1 Evaporation temperature and vapor pressure	p. 185
7.5.2 Vapor pressure of small grains	p. 187
7.5.3 Critical saturation	p. 189
7.5.4 Time-dependent homogeneous nucleation	p. 190
7.5.5 Steady-state nucleation	p. 191
7.5.6 Solutions to time-dependent homogeneous nucleation	p. 195
8 Grain surfaces	p. 201
8.1 Gas accretion on grains	p. 201
8.1.1 Physical adsorption and chemisorption	p. 202
8.1.2 The sticking probability	p. 205
8.2 Mobility of atoms on grain surfaces	p. 206
8.2.1 Thermal hopping	p. 207
8.2.2 Evaporation	p. 208
8.2.3 Tunneling	p. 208
8.2.4 Photodesorption	p. 209
8.3 Grain surface chemistry	p. 210
8.3.1 Chemical reactions in the gas	p. 210
8.3.2 Chemical reactions on dust	p. 211
8.3.3 The formation of H[subscript 2] in diffuse clouds	p. 214
8.4 Ice mantles	p. 215
9 PAHs and spectral features of dust	p. 219
9.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	p. 219
9.1.1 Microcanonic emission of PAHs	p. 220
9.1.2 An example: anthracene	p. 221
9.1.3 Photo-excitation of PAHs	p. 224
9.1.4 Cutoff wavelength for electronic excitation	p. 225
9.1.5 Photo-destruction and ionization	p. 226
9.1.6 Cross sections and line profiles of PAHs	p. 227
9.2 ERE and DIBs	p. 229
9.3 The silicate bands at 10[mu]m and 18[mu]m	p. 230
9.3.1 The strength of the resonances	p. 230
9.3.2 How the bands change with temperature and grain size	p. 231
9.4 Crystalline silicates	p. 233
9.4.1 Where they are found and how they form	p. 233
9.4.2 Thermal expansion of grains	p. 234
9.4.3 The frequency shift of a resonance in grain heating	p. 236
9.5 The feature at 3.4[mu]m	p. 237
10 Interstellar reddening and dust models	p. 239
10.1 Reddening by interstellar grains	p. 239
10.1.1 Stellar photometry	p. 239
10.1.2 The interstellar extinction curve	p. 241
10.1.3 Two-color-diagrams	p. 245
10.1.4 Spectral indices	p. 246
10.1.5 The mass absorption coefficient	p. 246
10.2 Dust models	p. 249
10.2.1 Description of the model components	p. 250
10.2.2 Extinction and scattering of the dust model	p. 252
10.2.3 Extinction and absorption mass coefficients	p. 254
11 Radiative transport	p. 259
11.1 Basic transfer relations	p. 259
11.1.1 Definition of intensity, mean intensity and flux	p. 259
11.1.2 The general transfer equation	p. 262
11.1.3 Transfer equation in spherical and slab symmetry	p. 264
11.1.4 Frequency averages	p. 266
11.1.5 Analytical solutions to the transfer equation	p. 267
11.2 Spherical clouds	p. 268
11.2.1 Integral equations for the intensity	p. 269
11.2.2 Practical hints	p. 270
11.3 Passive disks	p. 272
11.3.1 Radiative transfer in a plane parallel layer	p. 272
11.3.2 Disks of high optical thickness	p. 274
11.3.3 The grazing angle	p. 275
11.4 Galactic nuclei	p. 278
11.4.1 Hot spots in a spherical stellar cluster	p. 278
11.4.2 Low and high luminosity stars	p. 279
11.5 The pursuit of random photons	p. 281
11.5.1 The strategy	p. 281
11.5.2 Grains with temperature fluctuations	p. 284
11.5.3 Anisotropic scattering	p. 286
11.5.4 Practical considerations	p. 287
12 Spectral energy distribution of dusty objects	p. 289
12.1 Early stages of star formation	p. 289
12.1.1 Globules	p. 289
12.1.2 Isothermal gravitationally-bound clumps	p. 291
12.1.3 The density structure of a protostar	p. 292
12.2 Accretion disks	p. 296
12.2.1 Flat disks	p. 296
12.2.2 Inflated disks	p. 299
12.3 Reflection nebulae	p. 302
12.4 Starburst nuclei	p. 304
12.5 Mass loss giants	p. 307
12.5.1 Flow equations	p. 307
12.5.2 Solutions to the flow equations	p. 310
12.6 The effective extinction curve	p. 314
12.6.1 The effective optical thickness	p. 314
12.6.2 Monte Carlo simulations	p. 316
A Various dust related physics	p. 319
A.1 Boltzmann statistics	p. 319
A.1.1 The probability of an arbitrary energy distribution	p. 319
A.1.2 Partition function and population of energy cells	p. 321
A.1.3 The mean energy of harmonic oscillators	p. 323
A.1.4 The Maxwellian velocity distribution	p. 323
A.2 Quantum statistics	p. 325
A.2.1 The unit cell h[superscript 3] of phase space	p. 325
A.2.2 Bosons and fermions	p. 326
A.3 Thermodynamics	p. 328
A.3.1 The ergodic hypothesis	p. 328
A.3.2 Definition of entropy and temperature	p. 330
A.3.3 The canonical distribution	p. 331
A.3.4 Thermodynamic relations	p. 332
A.3.5 Equilibrium conditions of the state functions	p. 335
A.4 Blackbody radiation	p. 337
A.4.1 The Planck function	p. 337
A.4.2 Low and high frequency limit	p. 338
A.4.3 The laws of Wien and Stefan-Boltzmann	p. 339
A.5 The classical Hamiltonian	p. 340
A.5.1 Normal coordinates	p. 341
A.6 The Hamiltonian in quantum mechanics	p. 342
A.6.1 The time-dependent Schrodinger equation	p. 342
A.6.2 Stationary solutions	p. 343
A.6.3 The dipole moment of a transition	p. 343
A.6.4 The quantized harmonic oscillator	p. 344
A.7 The Einstein coefficients A and B	p. 346
A.7.1 Induced and spontaneous transitions	p. 346
A.8 Potential wells and tunneling	p. 348
A.8.1 Wave function of a particle in a constant potential	p. 348
A.8.2 Potential walls and Fermi energy	p. 349
A.8.3 Rectangular potential barriers	p. 350
A.8.4 The double potential well	p. 354
B Miscellaneous	p. 357
B.1 Mathematical notations	p. 357
B.2 Mathematical formulae	p. 358
B.2.1 Sums and integrals	p. 358
B.2.2 The bell curve	p. 358
B.2.3 Polynomials	p. 359
B.2.4 Vector analysis	p. 360
B.2.5 The time average of an harmonically varying field	p. 361
B.3 Cosmic constants	p. 362
B.4 Problem set	p. 363
B.5 List of symbols	p. 374
Bibliography	p. 377
Index	p. 381

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Table of Contents