Wireless and mobile network architectures

A comprehensive guide to building wireless and mobile networks and services. Based on advanced wireless and mobile network architectures, Personal Communication Services (PCS) offers the enterprise freedom of communication through mobility. This book gives network engineers and managers a window on the world of wireless and mobile networks, from the enabling technologies and protocols to creating and managing mobile services. Lin and Chlamtac use a unique sustained example approach to teach you how PCS concepts apply to real network operation. For example, they use location update to illustrate concepts in chapters on network signaling,
- Mobility management for different systems
- Wireless Application Protocol Network signaling for IS-41-based systems, PACS, and GSM
- Roaming procedures and international roaming
- Operational management
- VoIP service for mobile networks
- Mobile number portability
- GPRS
- Third generation (3G) mobile systems
- Wireless enterprise networks
- Wireless Local Loop
- And much more

Author Notes

Yi-Bing Lin, PhD , is a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering (CSIE) at the National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) in Taiwan. Previously the Chair of CSIE/NCTU and a research scientist at Bell Communications Research, Lin has published over 130 journal papers and 100 conference papers, and holds two important mobility patents. Lin has served on the editorial boards of the journals Wireless Networks, IEEE Networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, and ACM Mobile Computing and Communications, as Editor-in-Chief of Wireless Networks, Mobile Networks, and Optical Networks magazines.

Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
1. Introduction	p. 1
1.1 PCS Architecture	p. 3
1.2 Cellular Telephony	p. 6
1.2.1 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)	p. 6
1.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)	p. 7
1.2.3 EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular System	p. 8
1.2.4 EIA/TIA IS-95 Digital Cellular System	p. 8
1.3 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS	p. 9
1.3.1 Cordless Telephone, Second Generation (CT2)	p. 9
1.3.2 Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)	p. 10
1.3.3 Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)	p. 10
1.3.4 Personal Access Communications System (PACS)	p. 11
1.3.5 Unlicensed Systems	p. 11
1.4 Third-Generation Wireless Systems	p. 12
1.5 Summary	p. 13
1.6 Review Questions	p. 14
2. Mobility Management	p. 15
2.1 Handoff	p. 17
2.1.1 Inter-BS Handoff	p. 17
2.1.2 Intersystem Handoff	p. 19
2.2 Roaming Management	p. 21
2.3 Roaming Management under SS7	p. 23
2.3.1 Registration	p. 25
2.3.2 Call Delivery	p. 27
2.4 Roaming Management for CT2	p. 29
2.4.1 Basic Public CT2 System (One-Way Calling)	p. 29
2.4.2 Meet-at-a-Junction CT2 System (Two-Way Calling)	p. 30
2.5 Summary	p. 33
2.6 Review Questions	p. 33
3. Handoff Management: Detection and Assignment	p. 37
3.1 Handoff Detection	p. 38
3.2 Strategies for Handoff Detection	p. 43
3.2.1 Mobile-Controlled Handoff	p. 44
3.2.2 Network-Controlled Handoff	p. 46
3.2.3 Mobile-Assisted Handoff	p. 46
3.2.4 Handoff Failures	p. 47
3.3 Channel Assignment	p. 47
3.3.1 Nonprioritized Scheme and the Reserved Channel Scheme	p. 48
3.3.2 Queuing Priority Scheme	p. 49
3.3.3 Subrating Scheme	p. 51
3.3.4 Implementation Issues	p. 53
3.4 Summary	p. 54
3.5 Review Questions	p. 54
4. Handoff Management: Radio Link Transfer	p. 57
4.1 Link Transfer Types	p. 58
4.2 Hard Handoff	p. 59
4.2.1 MCHO Link Transfer	p. 60
4.2.2 MAHO/NCHO Link Transfer	p. 62
4.2.3 Subrating MCHO Link Transfer	p. 64
4.3 Soft Handoff	p. 67
4.3.1 Adding a New BS	p. 67
4.3.2 Dropping a BS	p. 69
4.4 Summary	p. 71
4.5 Review Questions	p. 71
5. IS-41 Network Signaling	p. 73
5.1 Signalling System No. 7	p. 74
5.2 Interconnection and Message Routing	p. 76
5.3 Mobility Management Using TCAP	p. 78
5.4 PCN/PSTN Call Control Using ISUP	p. 82
5.5 Summary	p. 88
5.6 Review Questions	p. 89
6. Intersystem Handoff and Authentication in IS-41	p. 91
6.1 IS-41 Intersystem Handoff	p. 91
6.1.1 Handoff Measurement	p. 91
6.1.2 Handoff-Forward	p. 93
6.1.3 Handoff-Backward	p. 95
6.1.4 Handoff-to-Third and Path Minimization	p. 97
6.1.5 Comments on IS-41 Intersystem Handoff	p. 100
6.2 IS-41 Authentication	p. 101
6.2.1 Privacy and Authentication in TSB-51	p. 101
6.2.2 Without-Sharing (WS) Scheme	p. 102
6.2.3 Sharing (S) Scheme	p. 106
6.2.4 Adaptive Algorithm: AA1	p. 109
6.2.5 Adaptive Algorithm: AA2	p. 111
6.3 Summary	p. 113
6.4 Review Questions	p. 113
7. PACS Network Signaling	p. 115
7.1 PACS Network Elements	p. 118
7.1.1 AIN/ISDN Switch	p. 118
7.1.2 AIN SCP	p. 119
7.1.3 Intelligent Peripheral	p. 120
7.2 PACS Network Interfaces	p. 121
7.2.1 AIN Interface	p. 121
7.2.2 ISDN Interface	p. 121
7.3 AIN/ISDN Interworking	p. 123
7.3.1 NCA Signaling Initiated by the RPCU	p. 123
7.3.2 NCA Signaling Initiated by the VLR	p. 124
7.4 Registration	p. 126
7.5 Call Origination	p. 127
7.6 Call Termination	p. 129
7.7 Intersystem Handoff	p. 131
7.8 Feature Interactions	p. 135
7.9 Summary	p. 136
7.10 Review Questions	p. 137
8. Cellular Digital Packet Data	p. 139
8.1 CDPD Architecture	p. 140
8.1.1 Mobile End System (M-ES)	p. 140
8.1.2 Mobile Database Station (MDBS)	p. 141
8.1.3 Mobile Data-Intermediate System (MD-IS)	p. 142
8.2 CDPD Air Interface	p. 142
8.3 Radio Resource Allocation	p. 144
8.4 Roaming Management	p. 146
8.5 Summary	p. 148
8.6 Review Questions	p. 149
9. GSM System Overview	p. 151
9.1 GSM Architecture	p. 152
9.1.1 Mobile Station	p. 152
9.1.2 Base Station System	p. 155
9.1.3 Network and Switching Subsystem	p. 157
9.1.4 Radio Interface	p. 157
9.2 Location Tracking and Call Setup	p. 161
9.3 Security	p. 164
9.4 Data Services	p. 165
9.4.1 HSCSD	p. 166
9.4.2 GPRS	p. 167
9.5 Unstructured Supplementary Service Data	p. 169
9.6 Summary	p. 171
9.7 Review Questions	p. 171
10. GSM Network Signaling	p. 173
10.1 GSM MAP Service Framework	p. 176
10.2 The MAP Protocol Machine	p. 179
10.3 The MAP Dialogue	p. 180
10.4 Examples of MAP Service Primitives	p. 183
10.5 Summary	p. 188
10.6 Review Questions	p. 189
11. GSM Mobility Management	p. 191
11.1 GSM Location Update	p. 193
11.1.1 Basic Location Update Procedure	p. 193
11.1.2 Basic Call Origination and Termination Procedures	p. 197
11.2 Mobility Databases	p. 200
11.3 Failure Restoration	p. 201
11.3.1 VLR Failure Restoration	p. 201
11.3.2 HLR Failure Restoration	p. 204
11.4 VLR Identification Algorithm	p. 205
11.5 VLR Overflow Control	p. 209
11.5.1 Algorithm O-I: Registration	p. 209
11.5.2 Algorithm O-II: Cancellation	p. 211
11.5.3 Algorithm O-III: Call Origination	p. 212
11.5.4 Algorithm O-IV: Call Termination	p. 213
11.6 Summary	p. 215
11.7 Review Questions	p. 215
12. GSM Short Message Service	p. 219
12.1 SMS Architecture	p. 220
12.2 SMS Protocol Hierarchy	p. 222
12.2.1 Short Message Transfer Layer	p. 223
12.2.2 Short Message Relay Layer	p. 224
12.2.3 Connection Management Sublayer	p. 225
12.3 Mobile-Originated Messaging	p. 226
12.4 Mobile-Terminated Messaging	p. 231
12.5 The DTE-DCE Interface	p. 234
12.6 Summary	p. 236
12.7 Review Questions	p. 237
13. International Roaming for GSM	p. 239
13.1 International GSM Call Setup	p. 240
13.2 Reducing the International Call Delivery Cost	p. 242
13.2.1 Solution 1	p. 242
13.2.2 Solution 2	p. 245
13.2.3 Solution 3	p. 246
13.2.4 Solution 4	p. 247
13.3 Summary	p. 249
13.4 Review Questions	p. 249
14. GSM Operations, Administration, and Maintenance	p. 251
14.1 Call-Recording Functions	p. 255
14.1.1 Tariff Administration	p. 257
14.1.2 Data Collection	p. 258
14.2 Performance Measurement and Management	p. 258
14.3 Subscriber and Service Data Management	p. 261
14.4 Summary	p. 262
14.5 Review Questions	p. 263
15. Mobile Number Portability	p. 265
15.1 Fixed-Network Number Portability	p. 267
15.1.1 Extra Call Setup Costs	p. 269
15.1.2 Initial System Setup Costs	p. 271
15.1.3 Customer Transfer Costs	p. 271
15.1.4 Cost Recovery	p. 272
15.2 Number Portability for Mobile Networks	p. 274
15.3 Mobile Number Portability Mechanisms	p. 275
15.3.1 Signaling Relay Approach 1 (SRA 1)	p. 277
15.3.2 Signaling Relay Approach 2 (SRA 2)	p. 278
15.3.3 All-Call-Query Approach 1 (ACQ 1)	p. 279
15.3.4 All-Call-Query Approach 2 (ACQ 2)	p. 281
15.4 Implementation Costs for Mobile Number Portability	p. 282
15.5 Summary	p. 284
15.6 Review Questions	p. 285
16. VoIP Service for Mobile Networks	p. 287
16.1 GSM on the Net	p. 288
16.2 The iGSM Wireless VoIP Solution	p. 290
16.2.1 The H.323 Network	p. 290
16.2.2 The iGSM Architecture	p. 292
16.3 iGSM Procedures and Message Flows	p. 293
16.3.1 Registration	p. 294
16.3.2 Deregistration	p. 296
16.3.3 Call Delivery to the IP Network	p. 297
16.4 Implementation Issues	p. 300
16.4.1 Reducing GSM Tromboning Effect	p. 300
16.4.2 Misrouting Due to User Mobility	p. 302
16.5 Summary
16.6 Review Questions	p. 307
17. Mobile Prepaid Phone Services	p. 309
17.1 Mobile Prepaid Services	p. 311
17.2 Wireless Intelligent Network Approach	p. 312
17.2.1 WIN Call Origination	p. 313
17.2.2 WIN Call Termination	p. 314
17.2.3 WIN Prepaid Recharging	p. 315
17.3 Service Node Approach	p. 316
17.4 Hot Billing Approach	p. 318
17.4.1 Hot Billing Prepaid Service Initialization and Call Origination	p. 319
17.4.2 Hot Billing Customer Query and Recharging	p. 320
17.5 Handset-Based Approach	p. 322
17.5.1 SIM Card Issues	p. 322
17.5.2 Handset-Based Prepaid Call Origination	p. 323
17.5.3 Handset-Based Prepaid Recharging	p. 325
17.6 Comparison of the Prepaid Solutions	p. 326
17.6.1 Roaming to Other Networks	p. 326
17.6.2 Scalability	p. 328
17.6.3 Fraud Risk	p. 328
17.6.4 Initial System Setup	p. 328
17.6.5 Service Features	p. 329
17.6.6 Real-Time Rating	p. 330
17.7 Summary	p. 330
17.8 Review Questions	p. 331
18. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)	p. 335
18.1 GPRS Functional Groups	p. 336
18.2 GPRS Architecture	p. 338
18.3 GPRS Network Nodes	p. 342
18.3.1 Mobile Station	p. 342
18.3.2 Base Station System	p. 344
18.3.3 GPRS Support Node	p. 345
18.3.4 HLR and VLR	p. 348
18.4 GPRS Interfaces	p. 348
18.4.1 Um Interface	p. 348
18.4.2 Gb Interface	p. 354
18.4.3 Gn and Gp Interfaces	p. 357
18.4.4 Gs Interface	p. 359
18.4.5 Gi Interface	p. 361
18.5 GPRS Procedures	p. 362
18.5.1 GPRS Attach and Detach Procedures	p. 362
18.5.2 PDP Context Procedures	p. 365
18.5.3 The Combined RA/LA Update Procedure	p. 367
18.6 GPRS Billing	p. 370
18.7 Evolving from GSM to GPRS	p. 373
18.8 Summary	p. 375
18.9 Review Questions	p. 376
19. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)	p. 379
19.1 WAP Model	p. 380
19.2 WAP Gateway	p. 382
19.3 WAP Protocols	p. 383
19.3.1 Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)	p. 384
19.3.2 Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)	p. 384
19.3.3 Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)	p. 385
19.3.4 Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)	p. 385
19.3.5 Wireless Application Environment (WAE)	p. 386
19.3.6 Remark for WAP Protocol Layers	p. 386
19.4 WAP UAProf and Caching	p. 387
19.4.1 User Agent Profile	p. 387
19.4.2 Caching Model	p. 388
19.5 Wireless Bearers for WAP	p. 389
19.6 WAP Developer Toolkits	p. 391
19.7 Mobile Station Application Execution Environment	p. 393
19.8 Summary	p. 394
19.9 Review Questions	p. 394
20. Heterogeneous PCS	p. 397
20.1 Types of PCS System Integration	p. 398
20.1.1 Similar Radio Technologies, Same Network Technology (SRSN)	p. 399
20.1.2 Different Radio Technologies, Same Network Technology (DRSN)	p. 399
20.1.3 Different Radio Technologies, Different Network Technologies (DRDN)	p. 400
20.2 Tier Handoff	p. 400
20.3 Registration for SRSN/DRSN	p. 401
20.4 DRDN Registration	p. 402
20.4.1 Single Registration (SR)	p. 403
20.4.2 Multiple Registration (MR)	p. 404
20.5 Call Delivery	p. 406
20.6 User Identities and HPCS MSs	p. 408
20.7 Summary	p. 410
20.8 Review Questions	p. 412
21. Third-Generation Mobile Services	p. 413
21.1 Paradigm Shifts in Third-Generation Systems	p. 414
21.2 W-CDMA and cdma2000	p. 416
21.3 Improvements on Core Network	p. 418
21.4 Quality of Service in 3G	p. 422
21.5 Wireless Operating System for 3G Handset	p. 424
21.5.1 Wireless OS Examples	p. 425
21.5.2 EPOC	p. 426
21.6 Third-Generation Systems and Field Trials	p. 427
21.6.1 DoCoMo W-CDMA Field Trial	p. 427
21.6.2 Lucent cdma2000 System	p. 431
21.7 Other Trial Systems	p. 433
21.8 Impact on Manufacture and Operator Technologies	p. 436
21.8.1 Impact on Infrastructure Technologies	p. 437
21.8.2 Impact on Mobile Operators	p. 437
21.9 Summary	p. 439
21.10 Review Questions	p. 439
22. Paging Systems	p. 441
22.1 Paging Network Architecture	p. 442
22.2 User Access Interface	p. 446
22.2.1 Telocator Alphanumeric Input Protocol (TAP)	p. 446
22.2.2 Telocator Message Entry Protocol (TME)	p. 449
22.3 Intersystem Interface	p. 450
22.4 Air Interface	p. 451
22.4.1 POCSAG	p. 452
22.4.2 ERMES	p. 453
22.5 Summary	p. 454
22.6 Review Questions	p. 455
23. Wireless Local Loop	p. 457
23.1 Wireless Local Loop Architecture	p. 458
23.2 Deployment Issues	p. 462
23.3 TR-45 Service Description	p. 463
23.4 Wireless Local Loop Technologies	p. 464
23.4.1 Satellite-Based Systems	p. 464
23.4.2 Cellular-Based Systems	p. 465
23.4.3 Low-Tier PCS or Microcellular-Based Systems	p. 466
23.4.4 Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Systems	p. 467
23.5 Examples of WLL Products	p. 467
23.5.1 HNS Terminal Earth Station Quantum System	p. 467
23.5.2 Lucent Wireless Subscriber System	p. 469
23.5.3 HNS E-TDMA	p. 470
23.5.4 PACS WLL System	p. 472
23.5.5 QUALCOMM QCTel	p. 473
23.6 WLL OAM Management Functions	p. 474
23.7 Summary	p. 478
23.8 Review Questions	p. 479
24. Wireless Enterprise Networks	p. 481
24.1 Enterprise Telephony	p. 481
24.2 Enterprise Location System	p. 485
24.3 Bluetooth	p. 488
24.3.1 Bluetooth Core Protocols	p. 488
24.3.2 Other Bluetooth Protocols	p. 489
24.3.3 Bluetooth Usage Models	p. 490
24.4 Enterprise PCS: Office Level	p. 491
24.4.1 Local Area Wireless: An Example of WPBX	p. 492
24.4.2 Capacity Planning for WPBX	p. 493
24.5 Enterprise PCS: Enterprise Level	p. 495
24.6 Summary	p. 497
24.7 Review Questions	p. 498
References	p. 501
Index	p. 519

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Author Notes

Table of Contents