Odour impact assessment handbook

Odours have become a priority concern for facility operators, engineers and urban planners who deal with waste and industrial treatment plants. The subjectivity of smell perception, its variability due to frequency and weather conditions, and the complex nature of the substances involved, has long hampered the regulation of odour emissions.

This book provides a comprehensive framework for the assessment, measurement and monitoring of odour emissions, and covers:

Odour characterization and exposure effects Instruments and methods for sampling and measurement Strategies for odour control Dispersion modelling for odour exposure assessment Odour regulations and policies Procedures for odour impact assessment Case studies: Wastewater treatment, composting, industrial and CAFO plants, and landfill

Intended for researchers in environmental chemistry, environmental engineering, and civil engineering, this book is also an invaluable guide for industry professionals working in wastewater treatment, environmental and air analysis, and waste management.

Author Notes

Editors
Vincenzo Belgiorno, Vincenzo Naddeo & Tiziano Zarra
Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy

V. Naddeo and V. Belgiorno and T. ZarraV. Naddeo and V Belgiorno and T. ZarraT. Zarra and V. Naddeo and V. BelgiornoT. HiguchiT. Zarra and V. Naddeo and V. BelgiornoT. Zarra and V. Naddeo and V. BelgiornoN. Dutta and M. BhuyanJ. M. Estrada and R. Lebrero and G Quijano and N. J. R. Kraakman and R. MiñozM. Piringer and Q. SchaubergerS. Sironi and L. Capelli and L. Dentoni and R. Del RossoV. Naddeo and V. Belgiorno and T. ZarraJ. LehtinenS. Giuliani and T. Zarra and M. Reiser and V. Naddeo and M. Kranert and V. BelgiornoA.C. Remain and J. NicolasI. SówkaK. Y. WangN. Kalogerakis and M. Lazaridis

List of Contributors	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Glossary and Abbreviations	p. xv
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Origin and Definition	p. 1
1.2 Quantifying Odour	p. 2
1.3 Effects of Odour	p. 3
1.4 Odour Impact Assessment Approaches	p. 4
References	p. 4
2 Odour Characterization and Exposure Effects	p. 7
2.1 Attribute Descriptors	p. 7
2.1.1 Concentration	p. 7
2.1.2 Perceptibility or Olfactive Threshold	p. 8
2.1.3 Intensity	p. 9
2.1.4 Diffusibility	p. 13
2.1.5 Quality or Character	p. 13
2.1.6 Hedonic Tone or Offensiveness	p. 15
2.2 Chemistry and Odours	p. 16
2.2.1 Vapour Pressure	p. 16
2.2.2 Water Solubility	p. 17
2.2.3 Chemical and Biological Oxidation	p. 18
2.3 Odorous Compounds, Thresholds and Sources	p. 19
2.4 Public Health Relevance of Odour Exposure	p. 22
2.5 Odour Annoyance and Nuisance	p. 24
2.5.1 Odour Exposure	p. 26
2.5.2 People Response	p. 27
2.5.3 Sensitivity of Receptors	p. 27
References	p. 28
3 Instruments and Methods for Odour Sampling and Measurement	p. 31
Sections 3.1-3.4	p. 31
3.1 Introduction	p. 31
3.2 Sampling Techniques	p. 32
3.2.1 Regulations and Guidelines	p. 33
3.2.2 General Aspects	p. 34
3.2.3 Sampling Program	p. 36
3.3 Measurement of Odorous Substances	p. 36
3.3.1 Gas Chromatography and Mass-Spectrometry (GC/MS)	p. 36
3.3.2 Colon metric Tubes 39 333 Portable Multi-Gas Detectors	p. 39
3.3.4 Gas Analysers	p. 40
3.4 Determination of Odour Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry	p. 40
3.5 Determination of Odour Concentration by the Triangular Odour Bag Method	p. 43
3.5.1 Equipment and Apparatus	p. 43
3.5.2 Panel	p. 44
3.5.3 Timing for the Sensory Test	p. 44
3.5.4 Procedures of the Sensory Test	p. 44
3.5.5 Quality Control Framework	p. 46
3.6 Estimation of Emission Rate	p. 50
3.6.1 Point Sources	p. 50
3.6.2 Area Sources	p. 51
3.6.3 Volume Sources	p. 58
3.6.4 Odour Emission Capacity	p. 58
3.7 Measurement of Odour Exposure by Field Assessment	p. 59
3.7.1 Field Inspection	p. 59
3.7.2 Community Surveys	p. 60
3.7.3 Odour Diaries	p. 61
3.7.4 Plume Measurement	p. 62
3.8 Measurement of Odour by Sensor Arrays	p. 63
3.8.1 Odour Sensors	p. 63
3.8.2 Electronic Noses	p. 67
3.8.3 Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition	p. 69
3.8.4 Artificial Neural Network	p. 71
3.8.5 Temperature Modulation	p. 73
3.8.6 Feature Selection	p. 75
3.8.7 Embedded E-Noses	p. 75
References	p. 79
4 Strategies for Odour Control	p. 85
4.1 Introduction	p. 85
4.2 Control of Odour Dispersion	p. 87
4.3 Control of Odour Effects on an Exposed Community	p. 90
4.4 Control of Odour Emission	p. 92
4.4.1 Physical/Chemical Technologies	p. 92
4.4.2 Biological Technologies	p. 101
4.4.3 Technology Comparison Based on Case Studies	p. 117
References	p. 119
5 Dispersion Modelling for Odour Exposure Assessment	p. 125
5.1 Introduction	p. 125
5.2 Odour Perception	p. 126
5.2.1 Odour Intensity	p. 126
5.2.2 Temporal Dimension	p. 128
5.3 Overview on Types of Odour Dispersion Model	p. 132
5.4 Algorithms to Estimate Short-Term Odour Concentrations	p. 135
5.5 Annoyance	p. 143
5.6 Odour Impact Criteria for Use in Dispersion Modelling	p. 145
5.7 Meteorological Input to Odour Dispersion Models	p. 152
5.7.1 Wind Information	p. 152
5.7.2 Information on Atmospheric Stability	p. 154
5.7.3 Information on the Mixing Height	p. 160
5.8 Evaluation of Odour Dispersion Models	p. 165
References	p. 168
6 Odour Regulation and Policies	p. 175
6.1 Introduction	p. 175
6.2 Regulation Based on Air Quality Standards and Limit Values	p. 177
6.3 Regulation Based on Direct Exposure Assessment	p. 178
6.4 Regulation Based on 'No Annoyance'	p. 180
6.5 Regulation Based on Application of Best Practice	p. 181
6.6 Comparison of Different Regulatory Approaches	p. 183
References	p. 183
7 Procedures for Odour Impact Assessment	p. 187
7.1 Introduction	p. 187
7.2 Factors Contributing to Odour Impact	p. 187
7.2.1 Frequency of Detection	p. 188
7.2.2 Intensity and Duration of Odour	p. 188
7.2.3 Offensiveness	p. 188
7.2.4 Location	p. 189
7.2.5 Other Factors	p. 189
7.3 Odour Impact Assessment from Exposure Measurement	p. 190
7.3.1 Held Sniff Testing	p. 191
7.3.2 Complaints and Odour Diaries	p. 192
7.3.3 Community Surveys	p. 192
7.3.4 Continuous Monitoring by E-Noses	p. 192
7.4 Odour Impact Assessment from Sources	p. 193
7.4.1 Odour Sources	p. 193
7.4.2 Odour Emission Rate	p. 194
7.4.3 Meteorological Conditions	p. 195
7.4.4 Receptors and Sensitivity	p. 195
7.4.5 Dispersion Modelling	p. 196
7.4.6 Odour Impact Assessment	p. 196
7.5 Mitigation of Odour Impact	p. 197
7.5.1 Responses to Driving Forces	p. 198
7.5.2 Responses to Pressures	p. 199
7.5.3 Responses to State	p. 200
7.5.4 Responses to Impact	p. 200
7.6 Odour Monitoring	p. 201
7.6.1 Monitoring Plan	p. 202
7.6.2 Monitoring Report	p. 202
References	p. 203
8 Case Studies for Assessment, Control and Prediction of Odour Impact	p. 205
8.1 Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant	p. 205
8.1.1 Motivation for the Study	p. 205
8.1.2 Description of the Situation	p. 206
8.1.3 Specific Objectives of the Study	p. 207
8.1.4 Methodology and Data Collection	p. 208
8.1.5 Results and Discussion	p. 210
8.1.6 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outcomes	p. 216
References	p. 218
8.2 Composting Plant	p. 219
8.2.1 Motivation for the Study	p. 219
8.2.2 Material and Methods	p. 220
8.2.3 Results and Discussion	p. 225
8.2.4 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outcome	p. 226
References	p. 228
8.3 Landfill of Solid Waste	p. 230
8.3.1 Motivation for the Study	p. 230
8.3.2 Description of the Situation	p. 230
8.3.3 Specific Objectives of the Study	p. 232
8.3.4 Methodology	p. 233
8.3.5 Data Collection	p. 238
8.3.6 Results and Discussion	p. 239
8.3.7 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outcomes	p. 247
References	p. 248
8.4 Industrial Activities	p. 249
8.4.1 Motivation for the Study	p. 249
8.4.2 Identification of Industrial Odour Emission Sources	p. 250
8.4.3 The Use of Selected Methods for Assessing the Odour Quality of Air	p. 254
8.4.4 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outcomes	p. 257
References	p. 257
8.5 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Plants	p. 259
8.5.1 Motivation for the Study	p. 259
8.5.2 Methodology	p. 260
8.5.3 Dispersion Modeling Methodology	p. 264
8.5.4 Results and Discussion	p. 264
8.5.5 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outcomes	p. 266
References	p. 268
8.6 Assessment, Control and Management of Odour in Sensitive Areas	p. 269
8.6.1 Motivation for the Study	p. 269
8.6.2 Description of the Situation	p. 269
8.6.3 Specific Objectives of the Study	p. 271
8.6.4 Methodology	p. 271
8.6.5 Data Collection	p. 271
8.6.6 Results and Discussion	p. 273
8.6.7 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outcomes	p. 281
References	p. 282
Index	p. 285

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Table of Contents