Environmental calculations : a multimedia approach

Operating a business facility of any size, especially a manufacturing location, requires environmental permits from a number of governmental regulatory agencies responsible for protecting human health and the environment. Environmental Calculations: A Multimedia Approach provides an essential, one-stop reference for the necessary technical calculations to obtain a broad range of such permits. Along with clear, concise, and factual explanations, the text also includes relevant equations, examples, and case studies to support and clarify the calculations.

Filled with the rich experience from the author's years of work in environmental permitting, the coverage features:

An introduction to the major concepts and practice in the permitting process

Key concepts in environmental chemistry such as the ideal gas law, vapor pressure, reaction stoichiometry, and heat effects

Air pollution control

Water/wastewater

Solid/hazardous waste

Noise generation, propagation, and control

Radiation/radioactive decay

An all-around guide for environmental permitting in many contexts, Environmental Calculations: A Multimedia Approach is a must-have for anybody concerned with environmental assessment and compliance, as well as those reviewing, issuing, and monitoring environmental permits.

Author Notes

Robert G. Kunz was an environmental engineering manager at a major industrial gas and chemical company before retiring after twenty-six years. He also worked in the petroleum industry, on plant design/construction, and for a manufacturer of air pollution control catalyst. He is currently an independent environmental consultant. Dr. Kunz earned a BChE degree in chemical engineering from Manhattan College, a PhD in chemical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, an MS in environmental engineering from Newark College of Engineering, and an MBA from Temple University.

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

1.1 Who, What, Why, and How of This Book

1.2 Potential Users

1.3 Arrangement

1.4 Truths and Myths About Environmental Control

1.5 Adequate Preparation Is the Key

1.6 A List of D's

1.7 And At Least One Don;t

1.8 Autho's Supplemental Disclaimer

References

2 Basic Concepts

2.1 Basic Chemistry

2.2 The Ideal Gas

2.3 Concentrations and Mass Flow Rates

2.4 Vapor Pressure

2.5 Henr's Law

2.6 VaporLiquid Equilibrium

2.7 Energy Balances and Heat Transfer

2.8 A Smattering of Statistics

References

3 Air Combustion

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Combustion

3.3 Fuel

3.4 Air

3.5 Water

3.6 Combustion Calculations from Basic Principles

3.7 Flue Gas

3.8 Combustion Calculations Based on EPA Method 19 F Factors

3.9 Combustion Problems: Major Species in the Flue Gas

3.10 Adiabatic Flame Temperature

3.11 Estimation of Pollutant Emissions

3.12 The Stack Test

3.13 Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems

3.14 Miscellaneous Sources of Air Emissions

References

4 Air Control Devices

4.1 Overview

4.2 Flares

4.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction

4.4 Selective Noncatalytic Reduction

4.5 Flue Gas Recirculation

4.6 Water/Steam Injection into Combustion Gas Turbine

4.7 Low-Temperature Oxidation (Ozone Reaction/Scrubbing)

4.8 Particulate Removal

4.9 Flue Gas Scrubbing

4.10 Atmospheric Dispersion

References

5 Water/Wastewater Composition

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Concentrations Expressed as mg/L as CaCO 3

5.3 Dissolved Oxygen

5.4 Nonspecific Indicators of Water Pollution

5.5 BOD, COD, and TOC in Industrial Wastewater

5.6 Domestic Wastewater (Also known as Sewage)

5.7 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in a Receiving Stream

5.8 Alkalinity

5.9 The Nitrogen Cycle

5.10 Chlorination/Dechlorination

5.11 Petroleum Oil

5.12 Cooling Water Operations

5.13 Boiler Operations

References

6 Water/Wastewater Hydraulics

6.1 Measurement of Effluent Flow

6.3 Meeting Water Quality Limits

6.6 Back to the Manning Equation

References

7 Water/Wastewater Draining of Tanks

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Time to Drain Tanks

7.3 Trajectory of the Jet from a Leaking Tank

References

8 Solid Waste

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Selected Waste Designations/Definitions

8.3 Waste Analysis

8.4 Calculations for Solid/Hazardous Waste Permitting

8.5 Waste Incineration

References

9 Noise

9.1 General

9.2 Sound Versus Noise

9.3 Sound Properties

9.4 Frequency Spectrum

9.5 The Octave

9.6 Combining Decibels

9.7 Composite Sound Level

9.8 Speech Interference

9.9 A-Weighting Statistics

9.10 Noise Regulations

9.11 Industrial Noise

9.12 Sound Propagation from Point Source to Receptor

9.13 Excess Attenuation of Noise over Distance

9.14 Highway Noise (A Line Source)

9.15 Noise Control

9.16 The Community Noise Survey

References

10 Radioactive Decay

10.1 Definitions and Units

10.2 Some Sources of Radioactivity

10.3 Types of Radioactive Decay

10.4 Pathways of Radioactive Decay

10.5 Decay Series

10.6 Longer Decay Chains

10.7 Rate of Decay in a Radioactive Series

10.8 A Transition from Science to the Realm of Regulatory Control

10.9 Some Notable Accidents Involving Nuclear Materials

10.10 Governmental Regulations and Licensing Procedures

10.11 Radioactive Waste Disposal

References

Appendix A Suggested Undergraduate Environmental Curriculum

Appendix B Relationship among Expressions for Atmospheric Contaminants as Concentrations (ppm), Mass Flow Rates (lb/h), and Emission Factors (lb/MMBtu)

Appendix C Burner NOx from Ethylene Cracking Furnaces

Appendix D What Is BOD and How Is It Measured?

Appendix E Cooling Water Calculations

Appendix F Increase in Runoff from Industrial/ Commercial/Urban Development: The Telltale Bridge

Appendix G Water Quality Improvement for a Small River

Appendix H. Experimental Determination of Coefficient for Draining of Tank

Appendix I Noise Case Studies

Appendix J Air Pollution Aspects of the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process

Appendix K Case Studies in Air Emissions Control

Appendix L Combustion of Refinery Fuel Gas

Index

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents