Geographic information systems and public health : eliminating perinatal disparity

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Title:

Publication Information:

Hershey, PA : IRM Press, 2006

ISBN:

9781591407560

Subject Term:

Geographic information systems

Public health -- Data processing

Added Author:

Curtis, Andrew, 1967-

Leitner, Michael, 1965-

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010124953	RA566 G464 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Geographic Information Systems and Public Health: Eliminating Perinatal Disparity is designed to introduce a community health group to the potential of using a geographic information system (GIS) to improve birth outcomes. Chapters in this book provide an overview of why geography is important in the investigation of health, the importance of the four main components of a GIS (data input, manipulation, analysis and visualization), how important neighborhood context is when using a GIS, and the general differences found between urban and rural health environments. In addition, the reader is introduced to the importance of GIS and confidentially, how a mobile urban population may impact GIS findings, and why pregnant mothers should catered for when making disaster response plans. Examples are drawn heavily from the Baton Rouge Healthy Start program, with one chapter providing an overview guide as to how GIS can be incorporated in the initial grant writing stage for such a program.

Author Notes

Andrew Curtis, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University. He is also Director of the World Health Organization's Collaborating Center for Remote Sensing and GIS for Public Health. Michael Leitner, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University (LSU) in Baton Rouge. Dr. Leitner is the chair of the Cartography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers.

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Chapter I Explaining the Geography of Infant Health	p. 1
Geographic Variations in Infant Health	p. 2
Smoking is Bad	p. 9
What Does It Mean to Be Poor?	p. 10
Stress	p. 11
The Geography of Health	p. 12
References	p. 18
Chapter II An Introduction to GIS (All Things Data)	p. 21
Data Input	p. 24
Health Data	p. 24
Confidentiality Issues	p. 27
Address Matching/Geocoding	p. 28
Other Useful Data 1 Socioeconomic Data	p. 31
Other Useful Data 2 Boundary and Background Data	p. 32
Data Manipulation	p. 37
Aggregating into Spatial Units	p. 37
Data Reduction	p. 41
Creating New Data	p. 42
Calculating Deprivation Indexes	p. 42
Improving Health Outcome Information	p. 44
Perinatal Periods of Risk (PPOR)	p. 45
References	p. 47
Chapter III An Introduction to GIS (All Things Spatial)	p. 52
Visualizing the Data	p. 52
Choropleth Map	p. 57
Common Dot Map	p. 60
Isarithmic (Isoline) Map	p. 61
Proportional (Graduated) Point Symbol Map	p. 61
Spatial Analysis	p. 62
CrimeStat	p. 64
GeoDa	p. 65
Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)	p. 65
SaTScan	p. 66
GIS as a Management Information System	p. 68
What is a Neighborhood?	p. 69
Including Geography in the Analysis	p. 70
Holistic Neighborhood Investigations	p. 72
Spatially Synthesizing Previous Research	p. 73
References	p. 73
Chapter IV The Geography of Health Risks	p. 79
Infant Deaths, Low Birth Weight, and Short Gestation Deliveries	p. 83
Medical Risks	p. 85
Behavioral Risks	p. 87
So What Can We Do With GIS?	p. 91
Cohort or Social Risks	p. 95
Social Risks: Disparities in African American Neighborhoods	p. 96
Spatial Cohort	p. 98
Neighborhood Risks	p. 99
Suffer the Children	p. 100
Environmental Risks	p. 103
GIS Analyses of Environmental Risks	p. 107
GIS, Cancer, and Low Birth Weight Research in Louisiana	p. 110
Cancer and Birth Outcome Co-Investigation Template	p. 111
Summarizing It All: The Relationship Between Risk and Stress	p. 113
So What Can Be Done?	p. 114
References	p. 119
Chapter V GIS and Spatial Analysis: Keeping It Simple	p. 146
Exploratory Analysis vs. Hypothesis Testing	p. 146
Spatial Design	p. 148
Spatial Sampling	p. 149
Aggregation Effects	p. 153
Three Simple Techniques: Overlay, Density, and a Difference of Proportions Test	p. 154
Overlay as Analysis	p. 154
A Cautionary Tale	p. 157
Density Analysis	p. 157
Difference of Proportions Test	p. 160
Results for Year One (Table 1)	p. 165
Results for Year Two (Table 2)	p. 165
Results for Year Three (Table 3)	p. 167
Under-18 Pregnancies (Table 4)	p. 169
References	p. 172
Chapter VI Advanced Spatial Analysis	p. 174
Spatial Autocorrelation	p. 174
Global Spatial Autocorrelation	p. 175
Local Spatial Autocorrelation	p. 178
Cluster Analysis	p. 179
Cluster Techniques	p. 182
Spatial Filtering (DMAP)	p. 182
Nearest Neighbor Hierarchical Clustering (NNHC)	p. 183
Kernel Density Estimation	p. 184
Infant Mortality and Prenatal Risks: The Case of East Baton Rouge	p. 188
Regressing Selected Prenatal Risk Factors on the Infant Mortality Rate	p. 192
Geographically Weighted Regression	p. 194
References	p. 199
Chapter VII Spatial/Temporal Stability in Neighborhoods of Risk: The Mobility of Mothers	p. 203
How Far Do the Mothers Move?	p. 204
Temporal Stability and Implications for Outreach	p. 208
Developing a Neighborhood Categorization Scheme Based on Temporal Stability	p. 208
Constructing Neighborhoods Around Mortality Locations	p. 210
Temporal Stability in Risks Around Infant Deaths	p. 211
Temporal Stability in a Global Risk Investigation	p. 216
Temporal Stability in the Four Neighborhoods	p. 218
Results from the Difference of Proportions t-test	p. 219
Conclusions on Temporal Stability	p. 221
References	p. 222
Chapter VIII Patient Confidentiality	p. 224
Confidentiality in Maps	p. 226
Statistical (Attribute) Confidentiality	p. 226
Spatial (Locational) Confidentiality	p. 227
Preserving Confidentiality in Governmental Agencies	p. 227
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services	p. 228
U.S. Census	p. 229
U.S. Department of Justice	p. 229
Geographically Masking the Location of Confidential Point Data	p. 230
Experimental Testing	p. 230
Results for Global Geographic Masking	p. 231
Results for Local Geographic Masking	p. 232
Preserving Spatial Confidentiality of Two Locally Masked Point Patterns	p. 237
Manipulating Both Area Boundaries and the Location of Confidential Point Data	p. 240
References	p. 243
Chapter IX Creating the Baton Rouge Healthy Start GIS	p. 245
Beginnings	p. 246
Determining the Program Area	p. 258
Identifying Areas With No Prenatal Care	p. 259
Neighborhood Profiling	p. 262
Creating the Database	p. 262
Data Input	p. 264
Reaching Out	p. 265
What Next?	p. 266
Post Script	p. 266
References	p. 266
Chapter X Bioterrorism, Pregnancy, and Old White Men	p. 268
Vulnerability in the U.S.	p. 268
Bioterrorism and Pregnancy Risk	p. 269
GIS and Vulnerability Mapping	p. 271
Identifying the Vulnerable	p. 272
So How Do We Bring Healthy Start into This?	p. 274
Are Pregnant Women Really Vulnerable?	p. 275
Criticisms of Syndromic Surveillance	p. 279
References	p. 282
Chapter XI Rural Health Issues and Their Investigation in a GIS Environment	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
The Complexity of Rurality	p. 288
Rural Places and Health	p. 289
An Overview of Some Rural Health Issues	p. 290
Rural Geography and Dealing With Rural Data	p. 295
Conclusion	p. 300
References	p. 301
About the Authors	p. 305
Index	p. 307

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Table of Contents