Fundamentals of general, organic, and biological chemistry

Rewritten throughout for enhanced clarity and readability - without sacrificing content - this best-seller offers a focus on problem-solving and engaging discussions of relevant applications. Effectively covers the essentials of allied health chemistry without excessive and unnecessary detail. Puts chemistry in the context of everyday life. Covers biochemistry thoroughly to allow for flexible treatment and places emphasis on its relevance to society. Updates and expands content throughout in topics such as DNA, genomics, chemical messengers, the new food pyramid, and the modern view of nucleic acid chemistry and protein synthesis. Revises illustrations throughout for increased effectiveness. Redesigned diagrams and bulleted lists for a clearer layout. A useful resource for anyone working in the fields of nursing, physical therapy, agriculture, home economics, aquaculture - or those who simply have a desire to learn more about the basic concepts of chemistry and biochemistry.

Applications and Connections	p. xiv
Preface	p. xv
A Guide to Using This Text	p. xxiv
1 Matter and Life	p. 1
1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science	p. 1
1.2 States of Matter	p. 3
1.3 Classification of Matter	p. 4
1.4 An Example of a Chemical Reaction	p. 5
Application: Chemicals, Toxicity, and Risk	p. 6
1.5 Chemical Elements and Symbols	p. 7
1.6 Elements and the Periodic Table	p. 8
Application: Mercury and Mercury Poisoning	p. 12
Key Words	p. 12
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 12
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 13
Additional Problems	p. 13
2 Measurements in Chemistry	p. 16
2.1 Physical Quantities	p. 17
2.2 Measuring Mass	p. 19
2.3 Measuring Length and Volume	p. 20
2.4 Measurement and Significant Figures	p. 22
Application: Apothecary Units	p. 23
2.5 Scientific Notation	p. 24
Application: Powers of 10	p. 26
2.6 Rounding Off Numbers	p. 27
2.7 Problem Solving: Converting a Quantity from One Unit to Another	p. 29
2.8 Problem Solving: Estimating Answers	p. 31
2.9 Measuring Temperature	p. 33
Application: Obesity-A Large Problem	p. 34
2.10 Units of Energy and Heat	p. 36
2.11 Density	p. 38
Application: Measuring Body Fat	p. 39
2.12 Specific Gravity	p. 40
Key Words	p. 41
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 41
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 41
Additional Problems	p. 42
3 Atoms and the Periodic Table	p. 46
3.1 Atomic Theory	p. 47
3.2 Elements and Atomic Number	p. 50
3.3 Isotopes and Atomic Weight	p. 51
3.4 The Periodic Table	p. 53
Application: Are Atoms Real?	p. 54
3.5 Some Characteristics of Different Groups	p. 56
Application: The Origin of Chemical Elements	p. 58
3.6 Electronic Structure of Atoms	p. 58
3.7 Electron Configurations	p. 61
3.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table	p. 64
Application: Atoms and Light	p. 68
Connection: Art Conservator	p. 69
Key Words	p. 70
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 70
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 70
Additional Problems	p. 71
4 Ionic Compounds	p. 74
4.1 Ions	p. 75
4.2 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation	p. 77
4.3 Ionic Bonds	p. 79
4.4 Some Properties of Ionic Compounds	p. 80
4.5 Ions and the Octet Rule	p. 80
Application: Minerals and Gems	p. 81
4.6 Electron-Dot Symbols	p. 82
4.7 Ions of Some Common Elements	p. 83
4.8 Naming Ions	p. 85
Application: Salt	p. 86
4.9 Polyatomic Ions	p. 88
Application: Biologically Important Ions	p. 89
4.10 Formulas of Ionic Compounds	p. 89
4.11 Naming Ionic Compounds	p. 92
4.12 H[superscript +] and OH[superscript -] Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases	p. 94
Connection: Physical Therapist	p. 96
Application: Osteoporosis	p. 98
Key Words	p. 99
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 99
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 99
Additional Problems	p. 100
5 Molecular Compounds	p. 104
5.1 Covalent Bonds	p. 105
5.2 Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table	p. 108
5.3 Multiple Covalent Bonds	p. 111
5.4 Coordinate Covalent Bonds	p. 113
Application: Carbon Monoxide-A Surprising Molecule	p. 114
5.5 Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures	p. 114
5.6 Drawing Lewis Structures	p. 115
5.7 The Shapes of Molecules	p. 119
Application: VERY Big Molecules	p. 124
5.8 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity	p. 125
5.9 Polar Molecules	p. 128
5.10 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds	p. 130
Application: Damascenone, by Any Other Name, Would Smell as Sweet	p. 132
5.11 Characteristics of Molecular Compounds	p. 132
Key Words	p. 134
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 134
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 134
Additional Problems	p. 136
6 Chemical Reactions: Classification and Mass Relationships	p. 140
6.1 Chemical Equations	p. 141
6.2 Balancing Chemical Equations	p. 143
6.3 Avogadro's Number and the Mole	p. 146
6.4 Gram-Mole Conversions	p. 150
Application: Did Ben Franklin Have Avogadro's Number? A Ballpark Calculation	p. 151
6.5 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations	p. 153
6.6 Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations	p. 154
6.7 Percent Yield	p. 156
6.8 Classes of Chemical Reactions	p. 159
6.9 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines	p. 160
Application: Gout and Kidney Stones: Problems in Solubility	p. 162
6.10 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions	p. 162
6.11 Redox Reactions	p. 163
Applications: Batteries	p. 168
6.12 Recognizing Redox Reactions	p. 169
Application: Photography-A Series of Redox Reactions	p. 171
6.13 Net Ionic Equations	p. 172
Key Words	p. 175
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 175
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 176
Additional Problems	p. 177
7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium	p. 182
7.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds	p. 183
7.2 Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions	p. 184
7.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions	p. 185
7.4 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy	p. 187
Application: Energy from Food	p. 188
7.5 How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction Rates	p. 192
7.6 Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates	p. 194
7.7 Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium	p. 197
Application: Regulation of Body Temperature	p. 197
7.8 Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants	p. 199
7.9 Le Chatelier's Principle: The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria	p. 202
Application: Nitrogen Fixation	p. 206
Key Words	p. 207
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 207
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 208
Additional Problems	p. 208
8 Gases, Liquids, and Solids	p. 212
8.1 States of Matter and Their Changes	p. 213
8.2 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory	p. 216
8.3 Pressure	p. 217
8.4 Boyle's Law: The Relation between Volume and Pressure	p. 220
Application: Blood Pressure	p. 221
8.5 Charles's Law: The Relation between Volume and Temperature	p. 223
8.6 Gay-Lussac's Law: The Relation between Pressure and Temperature	p. 225
8.7 The Combined Gas Law	p. 226
8.8 Avogadro's Law: The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount	p. 227
8.9 The Ideal Gas Law	p. 229
8.10 Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law	p. 231
8.11 Intermolecular Forces	p. 233
Application: Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming	p. 234
8.12 Liquids	p. 238
8.13 Water: A Unique Liquid	p. 240
8.14 Solids	p. 241
8.15 Changes of State	p. 243
Application: Biomaterials for Joint Replacement	p. 245
Application: CO[subscript 2] as an Environmentally Friendly Solvent	p. 246
Connection: Respiratory Therapist	p. 247
Key Words	p. 248
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 248
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 249
Additional Problems	p. 250
9 Solutions	p. 254
9.1 Mixtures and Solutions	p. 255
9.2 The Solution Process	p. 257
9.3 Solid Hydrates	p. 259
9.4 Solubility	p. 260
9.5 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility	p. 261
9.6 The Effect of Pressure on Solubility: Henry's Law	p. 263
9.7 Units of Concentration	p. 265
Application: Breathing and Oxygen Transport	p. 266
9.8 Dilution	p. 273
9.9 Ions in Solution: Electrolytes	p. 274
9.10 Electrolytes in Body Fluids: Equivalents and Milliequivalents	p. 275
9.11 Properties of Solutions	p. 277
Application: Electrolytes, Fluid Replacement, and Sports Drinks	p. 278
9.12 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure	p. 281
9.13 Dialysis	p. 283
Application: Timed-Release Medications	p. 284
Key Words	p. 285
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 285
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 286
Additional Problems	p. 287
10 Acids and Bases	p. 290
10.1 Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution	p. 291
10.2 Some Common Acids and Bases	p. 292
10.3 The Bronsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases	p. 293
10.4 Water as Both an Acid and a Base	p. 297
10.5 Some Common Acid-Base Reactions	p. 297
Application: Ulcers and Antacids	p. 299
10.6 Acid and Base Strength	p. 300
10.7 Acid Dissociation Constants	p. 303
10.8 Dissociation of Water	p. 304
10.9 Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solution: pH	p. 305
10.10 Working with pH	p. 307
10.11 Laboratory Determination of Acidity	p. 308
Application: pH of Body Fluids	p. 309
10.12 Buffer Solutions	p. 310
10.13 Buffers in the Body	p. 312
Application: Buffers in the Body-Acidosis and Alkalosis	p. 314
10.14 Acid and Base Equivalents	p. 315
10.15 Titration	p. 316
Application: Acid Rain	p. 319
10.16 Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions	p. 320
Key Words	p. 321
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 321
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 322
Additional Problems	p. 323
11 Nuclear Chemistry	p. 326
11.1 Nuclear Reactions	p. 327
11.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity	p. 328
11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes	p. 329
11.4 Nuclear Decay	p. 330
11.5 Radioactive Half-Life	p. 335
Application: Medical Uses of Radioactivity	p. 336
11.6 Radioactive Decay Series	p. 338
11.7 Ionizing Radiation	p. 339
11.8 Detecting Radiation	p. 341
Application: Irradiated Food	p. 342
11.9 Measuring Radiation	p. 342
11.10 Artificial Transmutation	p. 344
Application: Body Imaging	p. 345
11.11 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion	p. 346
Application: Archaeological Radiocarbon Dating	p. 348
Connection: Nuclear Medicine Technician	p. 349
Key Words	p. 350
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 350
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 350
Additional Problems	p. 351
12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes	p. 354
12.1 The Nature of Organic Molecules	p. 355
12.2 Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups	p. 357
12.3 The Structure of Organic Molecules: Alkanes and Their Isomers	p. 362
12.4 Drawing Organic Structures	p. 364
Application: Natural versus Synthetic	p. 365
12.5 The Shapes of Organic Molecules	p. 367
12.6 Naming Alkanes	p. 369
Application: Displaying Molecular Shapes	p. 370
12.7 Properties of Alkanes	p. 376
12.8 Reactions of Alkanes	p. 377
12.9 Cycloalkanes	p. 378
Application: Petroleum	p. 379
12.10 Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes	p. 380
Key Words	p. 382
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 382
Summary of Reactions	p. 383
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 383
Additional Problems	p. 384
13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds	p. 388
13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes	p. 390
13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes	p. 390
13.3 The Structure of Alkenes: Cis-Trans Isomerism	p. 393
13.4 Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes	p. 396
13.5 Types of Organic Reactions	p. 396
Application: The Chemistry of Vision	p. 397
13.6 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes	p. 399
13.7 How Alkene Addition Reactions Occur	p. 406
13.8 Alkene Polymers	p. 407
Application: Polymer Applications-Currency	p. 410
13.9 Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene	p. 410
Application: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer	p. 412
13.10 Naming Aromatic Compounds	p. 413
13.11 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds	p. 416
Application: Why We See Color	p. 417
Key Words	p. 418
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 418
Summary of Reactions	p. 418
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 419
Additional Problems	p. 420
14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen	p. 424
14.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers	p. 425
14.2 Some Common Alcohols	p. 427
14.3 Naming Alcohols	p. 428
14.4 Properties of Alcohols	p. 430
14.5 Reactions of Alcohols	p. 431
Application: Ethyl Alcohol as a Drug and a Poison	p. 437
14.6 Phenols	p. 437
14.7 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols	p. 439
Application: Phenols as Antioxidants	p. 440
14.8 Ethers	p. 441
14.9 Thiols and Disulfides	p. 443
Application: Inhaled Anesthetics	p. 444
14.10 Halogen-Containing Compounds	p. 445
Application: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Hole	p. 447
Connection: Resource Conservationist	p. 448
Key Words	p. 450
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 450
Summary of Reactions	p. 450
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 451
Additional Problems	p. 451
15 Amines	p. 456
15.1 Amines	p. 457
Application: Chemical Information	p. 460
15.2 Properties of Amines	p. 463
15.3 Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds	p. 465
Application: NO-A Small Molecule with Big Responsibilities	p. 467
15.4 Basicity of Amines	p. 468
Application: Organic Compounds in Body Fluids and the "Solubility Switch"	p. 470
15.5 Amine Salts	p. 471
15.6 Amines in Plants: Alkaloids	p. 472
Application: Toxicology	p. 474
Key Words	p. 475
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 475
Summary of Reactions	p. 475
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 475
Additional Problems	p. 476
16 Aldehydes and Ketones	p. 480
16.1 The Carbonyl Group	p. 481
16.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones	p. 484
Application: Chemical Warfare among the Insects	p. 485
16.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones	p. 486
Application: Vanilla: What Kind Is Best?	p. 488
16.4 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones	p. 489
16.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes	p. 491
16.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones	p. 492
Application: Is It Poisonous, or Isn't It?	p. 495
16.7 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals	p. 496
Connection: Sensory Evaluation Manager	p. 501
Key Words	p. 502
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 502
Summary of Reactions	p. 503
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 504
Additional Problems	p. 504
17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives	p. 508
17.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties and Names	p. 510
17.2 Some Common Carboxylic Acids	p. 519
17.3 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids	p. 520
Application: Acids for the Skin	p. 522
Application: Acid Salts as Food Additives	p. 523
17.4 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide Formation	p. 524
17.5 Aspirin and Other Over-the-Counter Carboxylic Acid Derivatives	p. 527
17.6 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides	p. 530
17.7 Polyamides and Polyesters	p. 533
Application: Kevlar - A Life-Saving Polymer	p. 534
17.8 Phosphoric Acid Derivatives	p. 535
Key Words	p. 537
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 537
Summary of Reactions	p. 538
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 539
Additional Problems	p. 540
18 Amino Acids and Proteins	p. 544
18.1 An Introduction to Biochemistry	p. 545
18.2 Protein Structure and Function: An Overview	p. 547
18.3 Amino Acids	p. 548
18.4 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids	p. 551
Application: Nutrition in Health and Disease	p. 552
18.5 Handedness	p. 553
18.6 Molecular Handedness and Amino Acids	p. 554
18.7 Primary Protein Structure	p. 557
Application: Proteins in the Diet	p. 561
18.8 Shape-Determining Interactions in Proteins	p. 562
Application: Protein Analysis by Electrophoresis	p. 565
18.9 Secondary Protein Structure	p. 566
18.10 Tertiary Protein Structure	p. 568
18.11 Quaternary Protein Structure	p. 571
Application: Collagen-A Tale of Two Diseases	p. 573
18.12 Chemical Properties of Proteins	p. 575
Application: Prions-Proteins that Cause Disease	p. 576
Connection: Food Technologist	p. 578
Key Words	p. 579
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 579
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 580
Additional Problems	p. 580
19 Enzymes and Vitamins	p. 584
19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes	p. 585
19.2 Enzyme Cofactors	p. 587
19.3 Enzyme Classification	p. 588
Application: Lead Poisoning and an Antidote	p. 589
Application: Biocatalysis-Food and Chemicals	p. 592
19.4 How Enzymes Work	p. 593
19.5 Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Activity	p. 595
19.6 Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity	p. 596
Application: Extremozymes-Enzymes from the Edge	p. 599
19.7 Enzyme Regulation: Feedback and Allosteric Control	p. 599
Application: Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis	p. 600
19.8 Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition	p. 602
19.9 Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and Genetic Control	p. 604
Application: Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs	p. 606
19.10 Vitamins	p. 607
Application: Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Labels	p. 612
Key Words	p. 613
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 613
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 614
Additional Problems	p. 615
20 Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs	p. 618
20.1 Messenger Molecules	p. 619
20.2 Hormones and the Endocrine System	p. 620
Application: Homeostasis	p. 621
20.3 How Hormones Work: Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight	p. 624
20.4 Amino Acid Derivatives and Polypeptides as Hormones	p. 626
20.5 Steroid Hormones	p. 628
Application: Plant Hormones	p. 630
20.6 Neurotransmitters	p. 631
20.7 How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists	p. 633
20.8 Histamine and Antihistamines	p. 635
Application: And from This Little Frog ...	p. 636
20.9 Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine	p. 637
20.10 Neuropeptides and Pain Relief	p. 639
20.11 Drug Discovery and Drug Design	p. 640
Key Words	p. 642
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 642
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 643
Additional Problems	p. 644
21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy	p. 646
21.1 Energy and Life	p. 647
21.2 Energy and Biochemical Reactions	p. 648
Application: Life without Sunlight	p. 651
21.3 Cells and Their Structure	p. 651
21.4 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production	p. 654
21.5 Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy Transfer	p. 656
21.6 Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions	p. 658
Application: Basal Metabolism	p. 660
21.7 Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes	p. 661
21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle	p. 664
21.9 The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production	p. 667
Application: Energy Undone-Blockers and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation	p. 670
21.10 Harmful Oxygen By-Products and Antioxidant Vitamins	p. 672
Application: Plants and Photosynthesis	p. 673
Key Words	p. 675
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 675
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 676
Additional Problems	p. 676
22 Carbohydrates	p. 680
22.1 An Introduction to Carbohydrates	p. 681
22.2 Handedness of Carbohydrates	p. 683
22.3 The D and L Families of Sugars: Drawing Sugar Molecules	p. 685
Application: Chirality Meets the Marketplace	p. 687
22.4 Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides	p. 689
Application: Carbohydrates in the Diet	p. 693
22.5 Some Important Monosaccharides	p. 694
22.6 Reactions of Monosaccharides	p. 697
22.7 Disaccharides	p. 700
Application: Cell Walls-Rigid Defense Systems	p. 702
22.8 Variations on the Carbohydrate Theme	p. 703
22.9 Some Important Polysaccharides	p. 705
Application: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Blood Type	p. 707
Application: Dietary Fiber	p. 709
Key Words	p. 711
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 711
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 712
Additional Problems	p. 713
23 Carbohydrate Metabolism	p. 716
23.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates	p. 717
23.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview	p. 718
23.3 Glycolysis	p. 720
23.4 Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis	p. 724
23.5 The Fate of Pyruvate	p. 725
Application: Tooth Decay	p. 725
23.6 Energy Output in Complete Catabolism of Glucose	p. 727
Application: Microbial Fermentations: Ancient and Modern	p. 728
23.7 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Energy Production	p. 729
23.8 Metabolism in Fasting and Starvation	p. 730
23.9 Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus	p. 731
Application: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes	p. 732
23.10 Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis	p. 734
Application: The Biochemistry of Running	p. 735
23.11 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose from Noncarbohydrates	p. 737
Application: Polysaccharides-What Are They Good For?	p. 738
Connection: Dietitian	p. 739
Key Words	p. 740
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 740
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 741
Additional Problems	p. 741
24 Lipids	p. 744
24.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids	p. 745
24.2 Fatty Acids and Their Esters	p. 748
Application: Lipids in the Diet	p. 751
24.3 Properties of Fats and Oils	p. 751
24.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols	p. 754
Application: Detergents	p. 755
24.5 Cell Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids and Glycolipids	p. 756
24.6 Cell Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol	p. 761
Application: Butter and Its Substitutes	p. 762
24.7 Structure of Cell Membranes	p. 763
Application: Liposomes for Health and Beauty	p. 763
24.8 Transport Across Cell Membranes	p. 765
24.9 Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes	p. 767
Key Words	p. 770
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 770
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 770
Additional Problems	p. 771
25 Lipid Metabolism	p. 774
25.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols	p. 775
25.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport	p. 777
Application: Lipids and Atherosclerosis	p. 779
25.3 Triacylglycerol Metabolism: An Overview	p. 780
Application: Fat Storage: A Good Thing or Not?	p. 782
25.4 Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols	p. 782
25.5 Oxidation of Fatty Acids	p. 784
25.6 Energy from Fatty Acid Oxidation	p. 785
25.7 Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis	p. 787
Application: The Liver, Clearinghouse for Metabolism	p. 789
25.8 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids	p. 790
Key Words	p. 792
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 792
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 793
Additional Problems	p. 793
26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis	p. 796
26.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes	p. 797
26.2 Composition of Nucleic Acids	p. 798
26.3 The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains	p. 803
26.4 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model	p. 805
26.5 Nucleic Acids and Heredity	p. 807
Application: Viruses and AIDS	p. 808
26.6 Replication of DNA	p. 810
26.7 Structure and Function of RNA	p. 813
26.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis	p. 814
26.9 The Genetic Code	p. 816
26.10 Translation: Transfer RNA and Protein Synthesis	p. 818
Application: "Bird Flu": The Next Epidemic?	p. 821
Key Words	p. 824
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 824
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 825
Additional Problems	p. 826
27 Genomics	p. 828
27.1 Mapping the Human Genome	p. 829
27.2 A Trip Along a Chromosome	p. 831
Application: Whose Genome Is It?	p. 832
27.3 Mutations and Polymorphisms	p. 833
27.4 Recombinant DNA	p. 837
Application: Serendipity and the Polymerase Chain Reaction	p. 837
Application: DNA Fingerprinting	p. 839
27.5 Genomics: Using What We Know	p. 841
Connection: Forensic Scientist	p. 844
Key Words	p. 845
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 845
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 846
Additional Problems	p. 846
28 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism	p. 848
28.1 Digestion of Protein	p. 849
28.2 Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview	p. 850
28.3 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group	p. 852
28.4 The Urea Cycle	p. 854
Application: Pathways to Gout	p. 857
28.5 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Carbon Atoms	p. 858
Application: The Importance of Essential Amino Acids and Effects of Deficiencies	p. 859
28.6 Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids	p. 860
Key Words	p. 863
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 863
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 863
Additional Problems	p. 863
29 Body Fluids	p. 866
29.1 Body Water and Its Solutes	p. 867
29.2 Fluid Balance	p. 870
29.3 Blood	p. 872
29.4 Plasma Proteins, White Bloods Cells, and Immunity	p. 874
Application: The Blood-Brain Barrier	p. 876
29.5 Blood Clotting	p. 878
29.6 Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases	p. 879
29.7 The Kidney and Urine Formation	p. 883
29.8 Urine Composition and Function	p. 883
Application: Automated Clinical Laboratory Analysis	p. 885
Connection: Veterinary Lab Technician	p. 886
Key Words	p. 887
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals	p. 887
Understanding Key Concepts	p. 888
Additional Problems	p. 888
Appendices	p. 1
Glossary	p. 8
Answers to Selected Problems	p. 15
Photo Credits	p. 47
Index	p. 49

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