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Summary
Summary
Ecologically-sensitive building and landscape design is a broad, intrinsically interdisciplinary field. Existing books independently cover narrow aspects of ecological design in depth (hydrology, ecosystems, soils, flora and fauna, etc.), but none of these books can boast of the integrated approach taken by this one. Drawing on the experience of the authors, this book begins to define explicit design methods for integrating consideration of ecosystem processes and services into every facet of land use design, management, and policy. The approach is to provide a prescriptive approach to ecosystem design based upon ecological engineering principles and practices. This book will include a novel collection of design methods for the non-built and built environments, linking landscape design explicitly to ecosystem services.
Author Notes
Marty D. Matlock, PhD, PE, CSE, is past president of the American Ecological Engineering Society and Director of the Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability at the University of Arkansas. He is a registered professional engineer and a certified senior ecologist.
Robert A. Morgan, PhD, PE, is Manager of Environmental Quality of the Beaver Water District, which is responsible for protecting the water quality of a major water supply system through watershed management. He is a registered professional engineer with thirty years of enginering design experience.
Reviews 1
Choice Review
Matlock (Univ. of Arkansas; senior ecologist and professional engineer) and Morgan (environmental quality manager, Beaver Water District; professional engineer) draw on their respective broad experience and operational engineering expertise to write this book. They define ecological engineering by three axioms: "Everything is connected"; "Everything is changing"; and "We are all in this together.. One could describe the vast scope of the subject as "everything on Earth.. Covering it in 300-plus pages requires extreme compression. The authors define the book's goals in terms of "sustainable prosperity," a concept analogous to "sustainable development," discussed in the World Commission on Environment Development's 1987 report (Our Common Future), emphasizing design and restoration processes for ecosystem services and guidance on environmentally low-impact development and urban design. They provide examples of global and regional phenomena, extensive lists and classifications, selected equations (e.g., population growth and migration rates), modeled systems, and concise guidance for operational problems. Chapters include "Defining Place: Biomes and Ecogregions," "Ecosystem Control and Feedback Systems," and "Ecosystem Design in Agriculture and Industry.. The print is large and clear, but photographs and some diagrams involving shading lack contrast and clarity; selected references follow each chapter. Useful as an introductory text for engineering, and earth and environmental science students. Summing Up: Recommended. Academic students, all levels. F. T. Manheim George Mason University
Table of Contents
1 Sustainable Human-Dominated Ecosystems | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Axioms of Ecological Engineering | p. 2 |
Sustainable Design Principles | p. 3 |
Global Population Dynamics-The Forcing Function | p. 4 |
Global Fertility Rate Trajectories | p. 5 |
Changing Global Demographics | p. 6 |
Human-Dominated Earth | p. 8 |
Increasing Demands for Ecosystem Services | p. 8 |
Human Impacts through Urbanization | p. 9 |
Land Use Change | p. 11 |
Agricultural Production | p. 13 |
Water Resource Demands | p. 14 |
Lessons from the First Green Revolution | p. 16 |
Structure of This Book | p. 17 |
References | p. 18 |
2 Ecosystem Services | p. 22 |
Introduction | p. 22 |
Origin of Ecosystem Services | p. 22 |
The Value of Ecosystem Services | p. 24 |
Classifying Ecosystem Services | p. 24 |
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment | p. 28 |
Why Biodiversity Matters | p. 35 |
Ecosystem Services, Land Use, and Biodiversity | p. 37 |
Further Readings | p. 39 |
References | p. 39 |
3 Designing Ecosystem Services | p. 42 |
Design Challenges and Needs | p. 42 |
Current Design Methods Deficiencies | p. 43 |
Ecosystem Services Design Ethics | p. 46 |
Legitimacy and the Design Process | p. 48 |
The Design Process | p. 50 |
Synthesis | p. 53 |
The Ecotechnology Design Team | p. 54 |
Defining the Appropriate Management Structure | p. 55 |
Analysis and Deliberation | p. 56 |
Mapping Ecosystem Services Processes | p. 56 |
Defining Priorities | p. 58 |
Setting Design Goals | p. 59 |
Implementing Design Goals | p. 60 |
Assessing Ecosystem Services Design | p. 61 |
Further Readings | p. 62 |
References | p. 62 |
4 Defining Place: Biomes and Ecoregions | p. 64 |
Introduction | p. 64 |
Biogeographical Realms | p. 65 |
Biomes | p. 66 |
Ecoregions | p. 72 |
Bailey's Ecoregions | p. 72 |
Omernik's Ecoregions | p. 73 |
Olson's Ecoregions | p. 76 |
Other Land Classification Systems | p. 78 |
Climate Change and Ecoregions | p. 79 |
Land Use Change and Ecoregions | p. 80 |
References | p. 81 |
5 Defining Place: The Watershed | p. 83 |
Introduction | p. 83 |
Watershed Services | p. 84 |
Watershed Characteristics: Physical Description | p. 84 |
Watershed Hydrologic Characteristics | p. 92 |
Watershed Water Quality Characteristics | p. 99 |
Watershed Human Impacts | p. 100 |
Summary of Watershed Characteristics | p. 103 |
Further Readings | p. 104 |
References | p. 104 |
6 Defining Place: The Site | p. 106 |
Introduction | p. 106 |
Physical Characterization | p. 106 |
Hydrological Characterization | p. 107 |
Biological Characterization | p. 119 |
Climatological Characterization | p. 124 |
Summary | p. 125 |
Further Readings | p. 127 |
References | p. 127 |
7 Defining Place: Soils as a Living Organism | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Morphology | p. 130 |
Soil Physics | p. 136 |
Soil Fertility | p. 139 |
Soil Ecology | p. 141 |
Summary | p. 143 |
Further Readings | p. 143 |
References | p. 144 |
8 Fundamental Principles of Ecology for Design | p. 145 |
Introduction | p. 145 |
Fundamental Principles of Ecology | p. 148 |
Organisms and Place | p. 149 |
Adaptation Processes | p. 150 |
Responses to Environmental Variation | p. 152 |
Landforms and Ecosystem Function | p. 154 |
Patches, Corridors, and Connectivity | p. 154 |
Ecotones and Edge Effects | p. 156 |
Landform Metrics | p. 158 |
Further Readings | p. 160 |
References | p. 160 |
9 Energy and Mass Flow Through Ecosystems | p. 162 |
Introduction | p. 162 |
Energy Flow through Ecosystems | p. 164 |
Energy Balance in the Biosphere | p. 164 |
Emergy as a Unit of Analysis | p. 168 |
Trophic Levels | p. 169 |
Energy Density | p. 169 |
Primary Production | p. 170 |
Designing Trophic Levels | p. 173 |
Mass Flow through Ecosystems | p. 175 |
Hydrologic Cycle | p. 176 |
Carbon Cycle | p. 178 |
Nitrogen Cycle | p. 181 |
Phosphorus Cycle | p. 183 |
References | p. 184 |
10 Designing Community Structure | p. 187 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
Hierarchical Processes | p. 187 |
Types of Restoration Design | p. 188 |
Biotic Interactions | p. 190 |
Community Interactions | p. 190 |
Competition | p. 191 |
Consumption | p. 192 |
Commensalism | p. 192 |
Metapopulations | p. 193 |
Species-Area Relationship | p. 193 |
Minimum Viable Populations | p. 194 |
Minimum Viable Metapopulations | p. 195 |
Regional Processes | p. 195 |
Species Pool | p. 196 |
Dispersal | p. 196 |
Colonization Sequence | p. 197 |
Dispersion | p. 197 |
Environmental and Habitat Impacts | p. 198 |
Abiotic Filters | p. 198 |
Disturbance Regimes | p. 199 |
Habitat Heterogeneity | p. 200 |
References | p. 201 |
11 Ecosystem Control and Feedback Systems | p. 202 |
Introduction | p. 202 |
Population Control Processes | p. 204 |
Reproductive Strategies | p. 204 |
Survivorship | p. 205 |
Growth Rates | p. 206 |
Community Control Processes | p. 207 |
Plants and Nutrients | p. 208 |
Resource Competition | p. 209 |
Feedback Processes | p. 210 |
Atmospheric Feedback Loops | p. 211 |
Soil Feedback Loops | p. 212 |
Consumer Feedback Loops | p. 214 |
Designing Ecosystem Complexity | p. 215 |
Self-Organization | p. 217 |
References | p. 220 |
12 Stream Restoration Design | p. 222 |
Introduction | p. 222 |
Assessment | p. 223 |
Hydrology | p. 227 |
Sedimentology | p. 233 |
Geomorphology | p. 235 |
Habitat | p. 238 |
Connectivity | p. 240 |
Riparian Corridor | p. 241 |
Construction | p. 242 |
Summary | p. 242 |
Further Readings | p. 243 |
References | p. 243 |
13 Designing Ecosystem Services by Landform | p. 245 |
Introduction | p. 245 |
Ecosystem Services Design Process | p. 245 |
Agricultural Lands | p. 247 |
Forests | p. 251 |
Grasslands | p. 253 |
Wetlands | p. 256 |
Urban Areas | p. 260 |
References | p. 265 |
14 Green Infrastructure Design | p. 267 |
Introduction | p. 267 |
The Green Infrastructure Network | p. 268 |
Green Infrastructure Planning | p. 271 |
The Tools of Green Infrastructure | p. 272 |
Scale Matters | p. 275 |
The Sustainable Cities Initiative | p. 275 |
United Nations World Urban Forum | p. 276 |
ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability | p. 278 |
Summary | p. 280 |
Further Readings | p. 281 |
References | p. 281 |
15 Low Impact Development | p. 282 |
Introduction | p. 282 |
Hydrology | p. 284 |
Initial Steps | p. 287 |
Minimizing Change to Pre-development CN | p. 287 |
Maintaining or Increasing t c | p. 289 |
Integrated Management Practices | p. 290 |
Bioretention | p. 290 |
Dry Wells | p. 291 |
Rain Barrels and Cisterns | p. 291 |
Vegetated or Grassed Swales | p. 292 |
Infiltration Trenches | p. 292 |
Tree Box Filters | p. 292 |
Vegetated or Green Roofs | p. 293 |
Filter Strips | p. 293 |
Rain Gardens | p. 293 |
Water Quality | p. 294 |
Minimization | p. 295 |
Natural Filtration | p. 295 |
Constructed Filtration | p. 296 |
Evaporation | p. 296 |
Pollution Prevention | p. 296 |
Hydrologic Analysis | p. 296 |
Refugia | p. 300 |
Ecosystem System Services Assessment/Design | p. 301 |
Step 1 Define Project Objectives and Goals | p. 301 |
Step 2 Perform Site Evaluation and Analysis | p. 302 |
Step 3 Develop LID Control Strategies | p. 302 |
Step 4 Design LID Site or Master Plan | p. 303 |
Step 5 Develop Operation and Maintenance Procedures | p. 304 |
Summary | p. 304 |
Further Readings | p. 305 |
References | p. 306 |
16 Ecosystem Services Design in Agriculture and Industry | p. 307 |
Introduction | p. 307 |
Agricultural Sustainability Indicators | p. 308 |
Summary of Sustainability Indicators | p. 309 |
Environmental Indicators for Soil | p. 309 |
Environmental Indicators for Water | p. 312 |
Environmental Indicators for Habitat | p. 313 |
Social and Cultural Indicators | p. 314 |
Economic Indicators | p. 316 |
Field-Scale Indicators | p. 317 |
Industrial Sustainability Metrics | p. 320 |
Step 1 Scope Selection | p. 320 |
Step 2 Identify Priority Ecosystem Services | p. 321 |
Step 3 Analyze Trends in Priority Ecosystem Services | p. 323 |
Step 4 Identify Business Risks and Opportunities | p. 324 |
Step 5 Develop Strategies for Addressing Risks and Opportunities | p. 325 |
References | p. 327 |
Index | p. 329 |