Wireless personal area networks : performance, interconnections and security with IEEE 802.15.4

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Wireless Personal Area Networks provides an in-depth analysis of the recent IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low data rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs), including suggestions to improve performance and comparisons with the related 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) standard. It assesses the suitability of the standard for the development and deployment of wireless sensor networks as well as providing guidance and insight into the relative advantages and disadvantages of various performance solutions.

Wireless Personal Area Networks:

Provides a comprehensive, in-depth look at the issues surrounding WPAN network operation and performance. Investigates multi-cluster networks and compares how they can be implemented. Analyzes the performance of a single cluster under different traffic and power management regimes including uplink vs. downlink traffic, acknowledged vs. unacknowledged traffic, saturation vs. non-saturation, and the like. Discusses security issues in WPANs such as different security threats, their impact on performance, standard security mechanisms, and security policies. Compares the IEEE 802.15.4 standard with the related Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 standard in terms of suitability for implementing wireless sensor networks.

This reference is a valuable tool for developers and researchers getting acquainted with various aspects of IEEE 802.15.4 technology. Graduate students studying courses such as Performance Evaluation, Wireless Sensor Networks and Queuing Theory will also find this book very insightful.

Author Notes

Dr. Jelena V. Misic, University of Manitoba, Canada
An associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manitoba, Canada, Dr. Misic's research interests include wireless sensor networks, WPLANs, WLANs, AD-HOC networks, mesh networks, network security and performance evaluation. Misic has won several awards including Best Paper of the Workshop award at the Proc. HWISE 2005 workshop in the IEEE ICPADS 2005 conference, Fukuoka, Japan. Dr. Misic is also the author of Performance Modeling and Analysis of Bluetooth Networks (crc Press 2005) as well as numerous book chapters and journal papers.

Dr. Vojislav B. Misic , University of Manitoba, Canada
Dr. Misic is an Associate Professor with Tenure in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manitoba, Canada with research interests including service based computing, performance analysis of wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks, and software engineering. The co-author of several books in Serbian and Performance Modeling and Analysis of Bluetooth Networks (crc Press 2005), Dr Misic has also contributed chapters to other books and published numerous journal and conference papers.

About the Series Editors	p. xi
List of Figures	p. xiii
List of Tables	p. xvii
Preface	p. xix
Part I WPANS and 802.15.4	p. 1
1 Prologue: Wireless Personal Area Networks	p. 3
1.1 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks	p. 3
1.2 Design Goals for the MAC Protocol	p. 4
1.3 Classification of MAC Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks	p. 6
1.4 Contention-Based MAC Protocols	p. 9
1.5 New Kinds of Ad Hoc Networks	p. 12
1.6 Sensor Networks	p. 12
2 Operation of the IEEE 802.15.4 Network	p. 17
2.1 Physical Layer Characteristics	p. 17
2.2 Star Topology and Beacon Enabled Operation	p. 20
2.3 Slotted CSMA-CA Medium Access	p. 22
2.4 Acknowledging Successful Transmissions	p. 24
2.5 Downlink Communication in Beacon Enabled Mode	p. 25
2.6 Guaranteed Time Slots	p. 28
2.7 Peer-to-Peer Topology and Non-Beacon Enabled Operation	p. 29
2.8 Device Functionality and Cluster Formation	p. 31
2.9 Format of the PHY and MAC frames	p. 35
Part II Single-Cluster Networks	p. 39
3 Cluster with Uplink Traffic	p. 41
3.1 The System Model - Preliminaries	p. 41
3.2 Superframe with an Active Period Only	p. 44
3.3 Superframe with Both Active and Inactive Periods	p. 51
3.4 Probability Distribution of the Packet Service Time	p. 57
3.5 Probability Distribution of the Queue Length	p. 59
3.6 Access Delay	p. 61
3.7 Performance Results	p. 65
4 Cluster with Uplink and Downlink Traffic	p. 71
4.1 The System Model	p. 71
4.2 Modeling the Behavior of the Medium	p. 84
4.3 Probability Distribution for the Packet Service Time	p. 86
4.4 Performance of the Cluster with Bidirectional Traffic	p. 91
5 MAC Layer Performance Limitations	p. 95
5.1 Congestion of Packets Deferred to the Next Superframe	p. 95
5.2 Congestion after the Inactive Period	p. 98
5.3 Congestion of Uplink Data Requests	p. 99
5.4 Blocking of Uplink Data and Data Requests	p. 100
5.5 Possible Remedies	p. 102
6 Activity Management through Bernoulli Scheduling	p. 111
6.1 The Need for Activity Management	p. 111
6.2 Analysis of Activity Management	p. 112
6.3 Analysis of the Impact of MAC and PHY Layers	p. 116
6.4 Controlling the Event Sensing Reliability	p. 121
6.5 Activity Management Policy	p. 123
7 Admission Control Issues	p. 131
7.1 The Need for Admission Control	p. 131
7.2 Performance under Asymmetric Packet Arrival Rates	p. 133
7.3 Calculating the Admission Condition	p. 135
7.4 Performance of Admission Control	p. 139
Part II Summary and Further Reading	p. 143
Part III Multi-cluster Networks	p. 145
8 Cluster Interconnection with Master-Slave Bridges	p. 147
8.1 Analysis of Bridge Operation	p. 149
8.2 Markov Chain Model for a Single Node	p. 158
8.3 Performance of the Network	p. 165
8.4 Network with a Single Source Cluster/Bridge	p. 166
8.5 Network with Two Source Clusters/Bridges	p. 173
8.6 Modeling the Transmission Medium and Packet Service Times	p. 179
9 Equalization of Cluster Lifetimes	p. 187
9.1 Modeling the Clusters	p. 187
9.2 Distributed Activity Management	p. 190
9.3 Energy Consumption in Interconnected Clusters	p. 194
9.4 Performance of Activity Management	p. 198
10 Cluster Interconnection with Slave-Slave Bridges	p. 203
10.1 Operation of the SS Bridge	p. 205
10.2 Markov Chain Model for the SS Bridge	p. 217
10.3 Markov Chain for Non-Bridge Nodes	p. 224
10.4 Performance Evaluation	p. 230
10.5 To Acknowledge or Not To Acknowledge: The CSMA-CA Bridge	p. 231
10.6 Thou Shalt Not Acknowledge: The GTS Bridge	p. 234
10.7 Modeling the Transmission Medium and Packet Service Times	p. 240
Part III Summary and Further Reading	p. 251
Part IV Security	p. 253
11 Security in 802.15.4 Specification	p. 255
11.1 Security Services	p. 256
11.2 Auxiliary Security Header	p. 257
11.3 Securing and Unsecuring Frames	p. 258
11.4 Attacks	p. 260
12 The Cost of Secure and Reliable Sensing	p. 265
12.1 Analytical Model of a Generic Key Update Algorithm	p. 267
12.2 Analysis of the Node Buffer	p. 273
12.3 Success Probabilities	p. 276
12.4 Key Update in a Multi-Cluster Network	p. 278
12.5 Cluster Lifetime	p. 280
12.6 Evaluation of Lifetimes and Populations	p. 283
Part IV Summary and Further Reading	p. 287
Appendices	p. 289
Appendix A An Overview of ZigBee	p. 291
A.1 ZigBee Functionality	p. 291
A.2 Device Roles	p. 292
A.3 Network Topologies and Routing	p. 293
A.4 Security	p. 295
Appendix B Probability Generating Functions and Laplace Transforms	p. 301
Bibliography	p. 302
Index	p. 311

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Table of Contents