Beryllium : environmental analysis and monitoring

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Title:

Publication Information:

London : Royal Society Of Chemistry, 2009

Physical Description:

xiii, 200 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781847559036

Subject Term:

Beryllium -- Sampling

Beryllium -- Analysis

Added Author:

Brisson, Michael J

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010207639	QD181.B4 B47 2009	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... Razak School	33000000000666	QD181.B4 B47 2009	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

As the use of beryllium grows worldwide, the need for a single source of information on this important but toxic element is of increasing importance. This comprehensive book describes all aspects of the current sampling and analysis techniques for trace-level beryllium in the workplace. It offers both a historical perspective and a description of the state-of-the-art in a single place. It covers the challenges inherent in sampling procedures such as reproducibility, limited sample volume, surface sampling materials and collection efficiency. It also deals with the problems involved in analytical techniques including lower detection limits, identification and compensation for matrix interferences, greater sensitivity requirements and the need for more robust preparation techniques. Future trends, including development of real-time beryllium sampling and analysis equipment, are also explored. Readers will gain an understanding of sampling and analytical techniques best suited for sensitive and accurate analysis of beryllium at ultra-trace levels in environmental and workplace samples. Many "standard" sampling and analysis techniques have weaknesses that this book will help users avoid. Written by recognized experts in the field, the book provides a single point of reference for professionals in analytical chemistry, industrial hygiene, and environmental science.

Author Notes

Michael J. Brisson has over 30 years experience in analytical chemistry specializing in spectroscopy. His current work includes advisory support for industrial hygiene laboratories handling radioactive samples, and for the design of new nuclear laboratories. He is currently Chair of the Beryllium Health and Safety Committee (U.S. Departments of Energy and Defence) and Secretary of the ASTM International Committee on Air Quality. He is also the technical lead for three ASTM International Standards. He has organized numerous beryllium-related technical sessions at the American Chemical Society and the American Industrial Hygiene Association national meetings and was lead organizer of the Second Symposium on Beryllium Particulates and Their Detection in Salt Lake City, November 2005. He is author or co-author of eight peer-reviewed journal articles and guest edited a special issue of the Journal of Environmental Monitoring on beryllium sampling and analysis. Amy A. Ekechukwu is a senior Fellow Scientist with over 26 years experience in spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrochemical analysis and synthesis, liquid scintillation counting, gamma spectrophotometry, handling of radioactive material, and a variety of wet chemistry methods. She was profiled as International Woman of the Month for Women in Technology International, June 2000 and is currently a member of the Executive Board of the Beryllium Health and Safety Committee (U.S. Departments of Energy and Defence). She has chaired prominent sessions at four International Ion Chromatography Forums, organized numerous sessions at the American Chemical Society and the American Industrial Hygiene Association national meetings. She was lead organizer for the Third International Symposium on Beryllium Particulates and Their Detection in November 2008 in Albuquerque and has had eleven patents granted.

Michael J. BrissonMartin HarperGlenn L. RondeauKevin Ashley and Thomas J.OatsT.Mark MccleskeyMelecita M. Archuleta and Brandby DuranAnoop Agrawal and Amy EkechukwuNacy E.grams and Charles B.DavisGeoffrey Braybrooke and Paul F.Wambach

Chapter 1 Overview of Beryllium Sampling and Analysis: Occupational Hygiene and Environmental Applications	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 2
1.2 Goals of this Book	p. 3
1.3 Background	p. 3
1.3.1 Beryllium Sources	p. 3
1.3.2 Beryllium Uses	p. 4
1.3.3 Health Risks	p. 5
1.3.4 Occupational Exposure Limits	p. 6
1.3.5 Impact of US Department of Energy Regulation	p. 6
1.3.6 Environmental Beryllium and Soil Remediation	p. 8
1.3.7 Beryllium in Water	p. 8
1.4 Sampling Overview	p. 8
1.4.1 Air Sampling	p. 8
1.4.2 Surface Sampling	p. 9
1.4.3 Dermal and Soil Sampling	p. 10
1.5 Analysis Overview	p. 10
1.5.1 Summary of Current Techniques	p. 10
1.5.2 Sample Preparation	p. 10
1.5.3 Data Evaluation and Reporting	p. 11
1.5.4 Future Analytical Challenges	p. 11
Acknowledgements	p. 12
References	p. 13
Chapter 2 Air Sampling	p. 17
2.1 Introduction	p. 18
2.2 Sampling Strategies	p. 19
2.2.1 Sampling for Compliance with a Limit Value	p. 19
2.2.2 Sampling to Identify a Group Range of Exposures	p. 21
2.2.3 Real-Time Monitoring	p. 22
2.2.4 Area Versus Personal Sampling	p. 24
2.2.5 Choice of Sampling Time	p. 25
2.3 Aerosols	p. 26
2.3.1 Sources and Types of Beryllium Aerosols	p. 27
2.3.2 Aerosol Sampling	p. 28
2.3.3 Size-selective Sampling	p. 29
2.3.4 The Inhalable Convention	p. 29
2.3.5 Thoracic Convention	p. 31
2.3.6 Respirable Conventions	p. 32
2.3.7 High Volume Sampling	p. 32
2.3.8 Ultra-fine Particle Sampling	p. 33
2.3.9 Calibration and Quality Control	p. 34
2.4 Filters	p. 36
2.4.1 Glass and Quartz Fiber Filters	p. 37
2.4.2 PVC Filters	p. 37
2.4.3 MCE Filters	p. 37
2.4.4 Polycarbonate Filters	p. 38
2.4.5 PTFE Filters	p. 38
2.4.6 Filter Support	p. 38
2.4.7 Filter "Handedness"	p. 38
2.5 Samplers for Inhalable Sampling	p. 38
2.5.1 IOM Sampler	p. 38
2.5.2 Button Sampler	p. 40
2.5.3 GSP Sampler	p. 40
2.5.4 CFC Sampler	p. 41
2.5.5 Evaluating Internal Wail Deposits	p. 41
2.5.6 The CFC and the Inhalable Convention	p. 44
2.5.7 CIP-10 Sampler	p. 44
2.5.8 An Inhalable Convention for Slowly Moving Air	p. 45
2.5.9 Very Large Particles	p. 45
2.6 Samplers for Respirable Sampling	p. 46
2.6.1 Comments on Cyclone Design	p. 46
2.6.2 The Dorr-Oliver (DO) or "Nylon" Cyclone	p. 47
2.6.3 The GS-3 Cyclone	p. 48
2.6.4 IOSH Cyclone	p. 48
2.6.5 Aluminium Cyclone	p. 49
2.6.6 Higgens-Dewell Cyclone	p. 49
2.6.7 GK
2.69 Cyclone	p. 49
2.6.8 FSP-10 Cyclone	p. 49
2.7 Sampling for Different Fractions	p. 49
2.8 Sampling in Beryllium Facilities	p. 50
2.9 Sampling Emissions Sources for Beryllium	p. 53
2.10 Analytical Considerations for Selecting a .Sampling Method	p. 53
2.11 Air Sampling in Retrospective Exposure Assessments	p. 55
2.12 Conclusion	p. 55
Bibliography	p. 56
References	p. 57
Chapter 3 Surface Sampling: Successful Surface Sampling for Beryllium	p. 68
3.1 Surface Sampling	p. 68
3.1.1 Wipe Sampling	p. 69
3.1.2 Bulk Sampling	p. 70
3.3.3 Vacuum Sampling	p. 71
3.2 Locations of Sample Points and Number of Samples	p. 71
3.2.1 Randomly Selected Sample Points	p. 71
3.2.2 Biased or Judgmental Sample Points	p. 72
3.3 Sampling Techniques	p. 72
3.3.1 Speed and Pressure	p. 72
3.3.2 Selection of Sampling Medium	p. 72
3.3.3 Determining Surface Area	p. 73
3.3.4 Field Analysis	p. 74
3.3.5 Protecting Sample Process and Samples from Contamination	p. 74
3.3.6 Inappropriate Sampling or Techniques	p. 75
3.4 Sample Planning	p. 75
3.4.1 Determine Needs	p. 75
3.4.2 Contaminated Surfaces	p. 76
3.4.3 Planning Tools	p. 76
3.4.4 Standard Operating Procedure	p. 76
3.4.5 Overall Sampling Plan	p. 76
3.4.6 Site History	p. 78
3.5 Sampling Safety	p. 78
3.5.1 Personal Protection Equipment	p. 78
3.5.2 Personal Factors and Needs	p. 78
3.5.3 Sample Protection	p. 80
3.6 Recordkeeping	p. 81
3.6.1 Chain-of-custody	p. 81
3.6.2 Oversight of Sampling	p. 81
3.6.3 Photography Requirements and Permits	p. 82
3.7 Selecting and Pre-qualifying the Laboratory	p. 82
3.7.1 Quality Control Measures	p. 83
3.8 Sampling Supplies	p. 83
3.8.1 Consumable Supplies	p. 83
3.8.2 Non-consumable Supplies	p. 84
3.9 Summary	p. 85
Acknowledgements	p. 86
References	p. 86
Chapter 4 Sample Dissolution Reagents for Beryllium: Applications in Occupational and Environmental Hygiene	p. 89
4.1 Introduction	p. 90
4.2 Background	p. 90
4.3 Beryllium in Geological Media	p. 90
4.3.1 Beryllium Ores	p. 91
4.3.2 Soils and Silicates	p. 91
4.4 Occupational Hygiene Samples	p. 92
4.4.1 Workplace Air Samples	p. 93
4.4.2 Surface Samples	p. 95
4.4.3 Bulk Samples	p. 96
4.5 Summary	p. 97
Acknowledgements	p. 97
References	p. 98
Chapter 5 Heating Sources for Beryllium Sample Preparation: Applications in Occupational and Environmental Hygiene	p. 102
5.1 Introduction	p. 103
5.2 Background	p. 103
5.3 Beryllium in Geological Media and Soils	p. 105
5.4 Occupational Hygiene Samples	p. 107
5.4.1 Workplace Air Samples	p. 107
5.4.2 Surface Samples	p. 109
5.5 Summary	p. 110
References	p. 111
Chapter 6 Beryllium Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry	p. 113
6.1 Introduction	p. 114
6.2 Preparation of Samples	p. 114
6.2.1 Methods Available for Sample Analysis by ICP-AES orlCP-MS	p. 115
6.2.2 Analytical Considerations for Selecting a Sample Preparation Method	p. 115
6.2.3 Challenges with Beryllium Samples for Analysis by ICP-AES or ICP-MS	p. 116
6.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance	p. 118
6.4 ICP Overview	p. 119
6.5 Analysis by ICP-AES	p. 121
6.5.1 Interferences	p. 121
6.5.2 Considerations when Working With Beryllium	p. 123
6.6 Analysis by ICP-MS	p. 124
6.6.1 Selectivity and Interferences	p. 125
6.6.2 Considerations when Working with Beryllium	p. 129
References	p. 329
Chapter 7 Beryllium Analysis by Non-Plasma Based Methods	p. 131
7.1 Introduction	p. 131
7.2 Fluorescence	p. 132
7.2.1 Background	p. 132
7.2.2 Applications	p. 132
7.3 Atomic Absorption	p. 136
7.3.1 Background	p. 136
7.3.2 Applications	p. 137
7.4 UV-Visible Spectroscopy	p. 138
7.5 Electrochemistry	p. 140
7.5.1 Adsorptive Stripping Voitammetric Measurements of Trace Beryllium at the Mercury Film Electrode	p. 140
7.5.2 Beryllium-Selective Membrane Electrode Based on Benzo-9-crown-3	p. 141
7.5.3 New Diamino Compound as Neutral Ionophore for Highly Selective and Sensitive PVC Membrane Electrode for Be(II) Ion	p. 142
7.5.4 Beryllium-Selective Membrane Sensor Based on 3, 4-Di[2-(2-Tetrahydro-2H-Pyranoxy)] Ethoxy Styrene-Styrene Copolymer	p. 142
7.5.5 New Diamino Compound as Neutral Ionophore for Highly Selective and Sensitive PVC Membrane Electrode for Be(II) Ion	p. 142
7.6 Other Methods	p. 143
7.6.1 Utilization of Solid Phase Spectrophotometry for Determination of Trace Amounts of Beryllium in Natural Water	p. 143
7.6.2 Selective Determination of Beryllium(II) Ion at Picomole per Decimeter Cubed Levels by Kinetic Differentiation Mode Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorometric Detection Using 2-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)-10-hydroxybenzo[h]qui-noline as Precolumn Chelating Reagent	p. 143
References	p. 144
Chapter 8 Data Use, Quality, Reporting, and Communication	p. 147
8.1 Introduction and Overview	p. 148
8.1.1 Laboratory Reports	p. 148
8.1.2 "Reporting Limits" and "Detection Limits"	p. 149
8.1.3 Uses of Beryllium Data	p. 151
8.2 "Detection Limits" and Related Concepts	p. 152
8.2.1 Currie's Detection and Quantitation Concepts	p. 152
8.2.2 Implementations of Currie's Concepts: the US EPA MDL	p. 162
8.2.3 Recent Advances: ASTM Contributions	p. 165
8.2.4 "Reporting Limits"	p. 166
8.3 Data and Measurement Quality Objectives	p. 167
8.3.1 Evaluation of Data Quality Objectives	p. 167
8.3.2 Alternatives to "Detection Limits"	p. 173
8.3.3 Total Measurement Uncertainty	p. 174
8.4 Using Uncensored Data	p. 175
8.4.1 Using Uncensored Data: Technical Issues	p. 176
8.4.2 Using Uncensored Data: Non-technical Issues	p. 177
8.5 Summary	p. 178
References	p. 179
Chapter 9 Applications, Future Trends, and Opportunities	p. 182
9.1 Introduction	p. 183
9.2 Monitoring	p. 183
9.2.1 Baseline Monitoring	p. 183
9.2.2 Compliance Monitoring	p. 184
9.2.3 Diagnostic Monitoring	p. 185
9.2.4 Exposure Monitoring	p. 185
9.2.5 Future Trends	p. 185
9.3 Air Sampling	p. 186
9.4 Analytical Methods	p. 187
9.5 Speciation	p. 187
9.6 Making Use of Censored Data	p. 188
9.7 Dermal Sampling	p. 188
9.8 Surface Dust Sampling	p. 189
9.9 Real-Time/Near Real-Time Measurement	p. 189
9.9.1 Research History	p. 189
9.9.2 Future Research Directions	p. 191
References	p. 192
Subject Index	p. 194

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