Integrated power electronic converters and digital control

Because of the demand for higher efficiencies, smaller output ripple, and smaller converter size for modern power electronic systems, integrated power electronic converters could soon replace conventional switched-mode power supplies. Synthesized integrated converters and related digital control techniques address problems related to cost, space, flexibility, energy efficiency, and voltage regulation--the key factors in digital power management and implementation.

Meeting the needs of professionals working in power electronics, as well as advanced engineering students, Integrated Power Electronic Converters and Digital Control explores the many benefits associated with integrated converters. This informative text details boost type, buck type, and buck-boost type integrated topologies, as well as other integrated structures. It discusses concepts behind their operation as well specific applications.

Topics discussed include:

Isolated DC-DC converters such as flyback, forward, push-pull, full-bridge, and half-bridge Power factor correction and its application Definition of the integrated switched-mode power supplies Steady-state analysis of the boost integrated flyback rectifier energy storage converter Dynamic analysis of the buck integrated forward converter Digital control based on the use of digital signal processors (DSPs)

With innovations in digital control becoming ever more pervasive, system designers continue to introduce products that integrate digital power management and control integrated circuit solutions, both hybrid and pure digital. This detailed assessment of the latest advances in the field will help anyone working in power electronics and related industries stay ahead of the curve.

Author Notes

Dr. Ali Emadi is the Harris Perlstein Endowed Chair Professor of electrical engineering and the director of the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center and Grainger Laboratories at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). He is also founder and president of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, Inc. (HEVT). Dr. Alireza Khaligh is currently an assistant professor and director of Energy Harvesting and Renewable Energies Laboratory (EHREL) at the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center (EPPEC) of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at IIT. Ph.D candidate Young Joo Lee has more than 10 years of experience in the industrial field and developed lots of commercial system controllers for sewing machines and medical x-ray fluoroscopy equipment. Zhong Nie is a product research and development engineer at Inductoheat, Inc., working on high-power inverter design for induction heating applications.

Preface	p. xv
Authors	p. xvii
Chapter 1 Non-isolated DC-DC Converters	p. 1
1.1 Buck Converter	p. 1
1.1.1 Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode	p. 2
1.1.2 Buck Converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode	p. 3
1.1.3 Design Considerations for Buck Converter	p. 4
1.2 Boost Converter	p. 8
1.2.1 Boost Converter Operation in Continuous Conduction Mode	p. 9
1.2.2 Boost Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode	p. 11
1.2.3 Design Considerations for Boost Converter	p. 12
1.3 Buck-Boost Converter	p. 13
1.3.1 Buck-Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode	p. 14
1.3.2 Buck-Boost Converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode	p. 15
1.3.3 Design Considerations for Buck-Boost Converter	p. 16
References	p. 17
Chapter 2 Isolated DC-DC Converters	p. 19
2.1 Flyback Converter	p. 19
2.2 Forward Converter	p. 22
2.3 Push-Pull Converter	p. 24
2.4 Full-Bridge Converter	p. 26
2.5 Half-Bridge Converter	p. 28
References	p. 30
Chapter 3 Power Factor Correction	p. 31
3.1 Concept of PFC	p. 31
3.2 General Classification of PFC Circuits	p. 35
3.3 High Switching Frequency Topologies for PFC	p. 36
3.3.1 Buck Converter as Power Factor Corrector	p. 36
3.3.2 Boost Converter as Power Factor Corrector	p. 37
3.3.3 Buck-Boost Converter as PFC	p. 38
3.3.4 Cuk Converter as PFC	p. 40
3.3.5 SEPIC Converter as PFC	p. 40
3.3.6 Zeta Converter as PFC	p. 42
3.3.7 Flyback Converter as PFC	p. 43
3.3.8 Forward Converter as PFC	p. 45
3.4 Application of PFC in Advanced Motor Drives	p. 46
References	p. 50
Chapter 4 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters	p. 51
4.1 Switched-Mode Power Supplies	p. 51
4.2 Concept of Integrated Converter	p. 52
4.2.1 Integrated Converter Configuration	p. 53
4.3 Definition of Integrated Switched-Mode Power Supplies (ISMPS)	p. 54
References	p. 57
Chapter 5 Boost-Type Integrated Topologies	p. 59
5.1 General Structure of Boost-Type Integrated Topologies	p. 59
5.2 Boost-Flyback Converter	p. 59
5.3 Boost-Double-Ended Flyback Converter	p. 59
5.4 Boost Series Parallel Flyback Converter	p. 60
5.5 Boost-Parallel Flyback Converter	p. 61
5.6 Boost-Forward Converter	p. 61
5.7 Boost-Double-Ended Forward Converter	p. 61
5.8 Boost Series Parallel Forward Converter	p. 63
5.9 Boost-Parallel Forward Converter	p. 64
5.10 Boost-Full-Bridge Converter	p. 64
5.11 Boost-Half-Bridge Converter	p. 65
5.12 Boost-Push-Pull Converter	p. 65
5.13 Boost-Buck-Boost Converter	p. 66
5.14 Boost Integrated Flyback Rectifier/Energy Storage Converter	p. 67
5.15 Boost-Buck Converter (Cuk Converter)	p. 68
5.16 Boost Integrated Buck Rectifier/Energy Storage Converter	p. 69
References	p. 69
Chapter 6 Buck-Type Integrated Topologies	p. 71
6.1 Concept of Boost-Integrated Converter	p. 71
6.2 Buck Flyback Converter	p. 71
6.3 Buck Double-Ended Flyback Converter	p. 71
6.4 Buck-Series/Parallel Flyback Converter	p. 72
6.5 Buck Parallel Flyback Converter	p. 73
6.6 Buck Forward Converter	p. 73
6.7 Buck Double-Ended Forward Converter	p. 75
6.8 Buck Series Parallel Forward Converter	p. 75
6.9 Buck Parallel Forward Converter	p. 76
6.10 Buck Full-Bridge Converter	p. 76
6.11 Buck Half-Bridge Converter	p. 78
6.12 Buck Push-Pull Converter	p. 78
References	p. 79
Chapter 7 Buck-Boost Type Integrated Topologies	p. 81+
7.1 Structures of Buck-Boost Type Integrated Topologies	p. 81
7.2 Buck-Boost Flyback Converter	p. 81
7.3 Buck-Boost Double-Ended Flyback Converter	p. 81
7.4 Buck-Boost Series Parallel Flyback Converter	p. 82
7.5 Buck-Boost Parallel Flyback Converter	p. 83
7.6 Buck-Boost Forward Converter	p. 83
7.7 Buck-Boost Double-Ended Forward Converter	p. 84
7.8 Buck-Boost Series Parallel Forward Converter	p. 84
7.9 Buck-Boost Parallel Forward Converter	p. 85
7.10 Buck-Boost Full-Bridge Converter	p. 85
7.11 Buck-Boost Half-Bridge Converter	p. 86
7.12 Buck-Boost Push-Pull Converter	p. 87
7.13 Flyback Forward Converter	p. 87
7.14 Flyback Full-Bridge Converter	p. 89
7.15 Flyback Half-Bridge Converter	p. 90
7.16 Flyback Push-Pull Converter	p. 91
References	p. 92
Chapter 8 Other Types of Integrated Topologies	p. 93
8.1 Other Types of Integrated Topologies	p. 93
8.2 Buck-Buck Converter	p. 93
8.3 Buck-Buck-Boost Converter	p. 93
8.4 Buck-Zeta Converter	p. 94
8.5 Buck-Boost-Buck-Boost Converter	p. 95
8.6 Zeta-Buck-Boost Converter	p. 96
8.7 Zeta-Zeta Converter	p. 96
8.8 Boost-Boost Converter	p. 97
8.9 Boost-Cuk Converter	p. 98
8.10 Boost-SEPIC Converter	p. 98
8.11 Cuk-Cuk Converter	p. 99
8.12 SEPIC-Cuk Converter	p. 99
8.13 SEPIC-SEPIC Converter	p. 99
8.14 Flyback Forward Converter	p. 100
8.15 Boost Forward Converter	p. 101
References	p. 101
Chapter 9 Steady-State Analysis	p. 103
9.1 Small Ripple Approximation, Inductor Voltage-Second Balance, and Capacitor Charge Balance	p. 103
9.1.1 Small Ripple Approximation	p. 103
9.1.2 Inductor Voltage-Second Balance Principle	p. 103
9.1.3 Capacitor Charge Balance Principle	p. 104
9.2 BIFRED Converter Example	p. 105
References	p. 114
Chapter 10 Dynamic Analysis	p. 115
10.1 Methodology	p. 115
10.2 Buck Integrated Forward Converter Example	p. 115
References	p. 144
Chapter 11 Synchronous Rectification	p. 145
11.1 Selection Criteria for Schottky Diode and MOSFET	p. 145
11.2 Synchronous Rectification with Basic Switching Power Supply Topologies	p. 146
11.2.1 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectification	p. 146
11.2.2 Synchronous Boost Converter	p. 148
11.2.3 Synchronous Buck-Boost Converter	p. 149
11.3 Control of Synchronous Rectifier	p. 150
11.4 Current-Mode Control Methods	p. 153
11.5 Discrete and Integrated Approach for Synchronous Rectification	p. 154
11.6 Comparison of Diode and Synchronous Rectifiers	p. 155
11.7 Simulation Results	p. 156
References	p. 159
Chapter 12 Synchronous Rectification with Flyback and Forward Converters	p. 161
12.1 Synchronous Rectification in the Flyback Converter	p. 161
12.1.1 Constant-Frequency Continuous Conduction Mode	p. 162
12.1.2 Flyback Converter with Constant-Frequency Discontinuous Conduction Mode	p. 164
12.1.3 Flyback Converter with Variable-Frequency Discontinuous Conduction Mode	p. 169
12.1.4 Flyback Converter with VF DCM Zero-Voltage Switching	p. 170
12.2 Synchronous Rectification in Forward Converter	p. 171
12.2.1 Forward Converter with RCD Clamp and Self-Driven SRs	p. 172
12.2.2 Forward Converter with Active Clamp and Self-Driven SRs	p. 174
12.2.3 Forward Converter with Control-Driven SRs	p. 176
12.3 Simulation Results	p. 177
12.4 Summary	p. 179
References	p. 183
Chapter 13 Synchronous Rectification for Integrated High-Quality Rectifier-Regulators	p. 187
13.1 Synchronous Rectification for IHQRRs	p. 188
13.1.1 Synchronous Rectified BIFRED	p. 188
13.1.2 Operation of Synchronous BIFRED	p. 188
13.1.3 Synchronous Rectified BIBRED	p. 192
13.2 Control of Synchronous IHQRRs	p. 192
13.3 General Efficiency Considerations of IHQRRs	p. 195
13.4 Comparison of Power Losses in Schottky and Synchronous IHQRRs	p. 196
13.5 Simulation Results and Observations	p. 200
13.6 Summary	p. 204
References	p. 207
Chapter 14 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Supplies Applications	p. 211
14.1 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters for UPS Applications	p. 211
14.1.1 Normal Operating Mode	p. 214
14.1.2 Battery Charge Regulation Mode	p. 217
14.1.3 Backup Mode	p. 217
14.1.4 Control Strategy	p. 217
14.2 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives	p. 219
References	p. 223
Chapter 15 Review of Digital Control Techniques in Power Electronics	p. 225
15.1 Advantages of Digital Control	p. 225
15.1.1 Integration	p. 225
15.1.2 Performance	p. 226
15.2 Disadvantages of Digital Control and New Trends	p. 226
15.2.1 Limited Analog-to-Digital Conversion Resolution and Range	p. 227
15.2.2 Limited Digital PWM Resolution	p. 227
15.2.3 Steady-State Oscillations (Limit Cycles)	p. 229
15.2.4 Inherent Time Delay	p. 229
15.3 Structure of Digital Controllers	p. 230
15.4 Digital Design	p. 230
15.4.1 Digital via Emulation	p. 231
15.4.2 Direct Digital Approach	p. 231
15.4.3 Root Locus Approach	p. 232
15.4.4 Bode Plot or Frequency Response Approach	p. 232
15.4.5 Deadbeat Control	p. 232
15.4.6 Raggazini's Controller Design Method	p. 235
15.4.7 State-Space Design	p. 236
15.4.7.1 State Feedback Design (Control Law Design)	p. 236
15.4.7.2 State Estimator Design (Estimator Design)	p. 237
15.5 Digital Control Techniques	p. 238
15.5.1 Digital Current Mode Control	p. 238
15.5.2 Predictive Control	p. 240
15.5.3 Sliding Mode Control	p. 244
15.5.4 Space Vector Control	p. 247
15.5.5 Fuzzy Control	p. 253
15.5.6 Pulse Train Control Method	p. 253
15.6 Applications of Digital Control	p. 254
15.6.1 Pulse Width Modulation	p. 254
15.6.1.1 Naturally Sampled PWM	p. 254
15.6.1.2 Regularly Sampled PWM	p. 255
15.6.1.3 Randomly Sampled PWM	p. 256
15.6.2 Motor Drives	p. 257
15.6.3 Power Factor Correction	p. 258
15.6.4 Standby Power Supply with Active Power Filter Ability	p. 260
15.6.5 Distributed Power Systems	p. 261
15.6.6 DC-DC Converters	p. 261
15.6.7 Electronic Ballasts	p. 263
15.7 Implementation of Digital Controllers	p. 264
15.8 Summary	p. 266
References	p. 266
Chapter 16 Implementation of Digital Control Using Digital Signal Processors	p. 273
16.1 Introduction to Implementation of Digital Control Based on DSPs	p. 273
16.1.1 Basic Concepts of DSPs from Hardware and Software Points of View	p. 274
16.1.2 Specifications of Desired System	p. 276
16.1.2.1 Functional Requirements of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter	p. 277
16.1.2.2 Modeling and State Block Diagram of Converter	p. 277
16.1.3 Control Flow Based on State Block Diagram	p. 282
16.1.4 Selection of DSP and u-Controller	p. 282
16.1.4.1 Guidelines for DSP Selection	p. 282
16.1.4.2 Selection of DSP Chip	p. 283
16.1.5 Detailed Datasheets and Manuals	p. 285
16.1.5.1 Internal Architecture and Electric Specifications	p. 286
16.1.5.2 Software Development Environment (Assembler, Compiler, Linker, and Downloader)	p. 286
16.1.5.3 Commercial DSP Starter Kit	p. 287
16.1.5.4 Application Notes	p. 288
16.2 Hardware Schematic Design of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter and DSP Control Board	p. 289
16.2.1 Schematic for Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter	p. 290
16.2.2 Selected DSP Chip Connectivity	p. 290
16.2.3 Analog and Digital Signal Interface	p. 293
16.2.4 Low Voltage Power and DSP Chip Reset Circuit	p. 293
16.2.5 Boot Mode Selecting Circuit	p. 297
16.2.6 RS-232 Serial Communication Circuit	p. 298
16.2.7 Serial Interface with D/A Converter, EEPROM, and JTAG Port	p. 298
16.3 Software Implementation for Control System	p. 299
16.3.1 Defining Program Module Diagram According to Functionalities (or Tasks)	p. 299
16.3.2 Link Command File	p. 300
16.3.3 Start-up Code	p. 301
16.3.4 Header Files and Module to Define Special Function Registers	p. 302
16.3.5 Construction of Control Flow Chart for Controller	p. 303
16.3.6 Composing Source Codes for Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter	p. 304
16.3.7 Making and Running Executable Code File	p. 319
16.3.8 Testing Operation of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter	p. 319
16.4 Summary	p. 319
References	p. 327
Index	p. 331

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