Fluid transients in pipeline systems : a guide to the control and suppression of fluid transients in liquids in closed conduits

"Highly relevant to design engineers in the process industries, and in particular those practitioners responsible for designing pipeline systems and maintaining their safety and reliability, this text also offers invaluable information to senior and graduate level engineering students with an interest in fluid transient phenomena."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Preface to the First Edition	p. xv
Preface to the Second Edition	p. xvii
Part 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.1.1 Unacceptable Conditions	p. 3
1.1.2 Causes of Unsteady and Transient flows	p. 4
1.2 Unsteady Flows in Pipes and Tunnels	p. 5
1.2.1 Basic Ideas	p. 5
1.2.2 A Simple Example	p. 6
1.2.3 Pressure Wave Reflections and Pipeline Period	p. 8
1.2.4 A 'Rapid' Event	p. 10
1.2.5 Effects of Friction	p. 10
1.2.6 Max-Min Head Envelopes	p. 10
1.2.7 Column Separation and Vapour Cavity Formation	p. 10
1.2.8 Air and Gas Entrainment	p. 12
1.2.9 Fluid-Structure Interaction	p. 13
1.2.10 Water Hammer in Steam Pipelines	p. 13
1.2.11 Mass Oscillation and Rigid Column Behaviour	p. 14
1.2.12 Resonance and Auto-oscillation	p. 15
1.2.13 Key Points Developed in Sections 1.1 and 1.2	p. 17
1.3 Suppression of Fluid Transients	p. 17
1.3.1 Practical Methods of Surge Suppression	p. 18
1.3.2 Direct Action	p. 18
1.3.2.1 Stronger Pipes	p. 18
1.3.2.2 Rerouting	p. 19
1.3.2.3 Changing Valve Movements	p. 19
1.3.2.4 Avoiding Check Valve Slam	p. 20
1.3.2.5 Increasing the Inertia of Pumps and their Motors	p. 22
1.3.2.6 Minimizing Resonance Hazards	p. 23
1.3.3 Diversionary Tactics	p. 24
1.3.3.1 Air Vessels and Air Cushion Surge Chambers	p. 25
1.3.3.2 Accumulators	p. 28
1.3.3.3 Surge Shafts	p. 29
1.3.3.4 One-Way Surge Tanks (Feed Tanks)	p. 30
1.3.3.5 Vacuum-Breaking and Air Release Valves	p. 31
1.3.3.6 Pressure Relief Valves and Bursting Discs	p. 33
1.3.3.7 Bypass Lines	p. 35
1.3.3.8 Avoiding Water Hammer in Steam Pipelines	p. 36
1.3.4 Choice of Protection Strategy	p. 36
1.3.5 Summary of Part 1	p. 38
Part 2
2.1 Assessment and Management of Risk	p. 43
2.1.1 Introduction	p. 43
2.1.2 A Procedure for Fluid Transient Risk Assessments	p. 47
2.2 Demonstration Examples	p. 49
2.2.1 Rising Main Example	p. 49
2.2.2 Rising Main Example 2	p. 61
2.2.3 A Pumped Outfall	p. 66
2.2.4 A Gravity-Fed Main	p. 69
2.2.5 A Line to an Offshore Oil Terminal	p. 72
2.2.6 A Process System Supplied by a Ram Pump	p. 76
2.2.7 A High-Pressure Feed System	p. 80
2.2.8 Looped Networks	p. 86
2.2.9 An Ash Slurry Line	p. 89
2.2.10 A Sub-Sea Recharge System	p. 92
2.2.11 Cooling Water Systems	p. 96
2.2.12 A Phosphate Ester Pipeline	p. 99
2.2.13 Key Points Developed in Sections 2.1 and 2.2	p. 101
2.3 Computer Modelling of Transient Flows	p. 102
2.3.1 Introduction	p. 102
2.3.2 Brief Outline of Solution by the Method of Characteristics	p. 103
2.3.3 Idealizations and Assumptions	p. 107
2.3.4 Preparation for Computer-Aided Analyses	p. 109
2.3.4.1 System Data	p. 110
2.3.4.2 Fluid Data	p. 110
2.3.4.3 Pipes and Tunnels	p. 110
2.3.4.4 Junctions	p. 110
2.3.4.5 Pumps	p. 111
2.3.4.6 Valves	p. 111
2.3.4.7 Reservoirs, Sumps and Tanks	p. 111
2.3.4.8 Air Vessels, Accumulators and Surge Shafts	p. 111
2.3.4.9 Feed Tanks	p. 112
2.3.4.10 Bypass Lines	p. 112
2.3.4.11 Transient Event Data	p. 112
2.3.4.12 Aims and Objectives	p. 113
2.3.4.13 Expectations on Completion	p. 113
2.3.4.14 Idealizations and Assumptions	p. 113
2.3.4.15 Confirmation and Testing	p. 114
2.4 Accidents and Incidents	p. 119
2.4.1 The Case of the Lightweight Anchor Blocks	p. 119
2.4.2 The Dancing Feed Range	p. 120
2.4.3 Where has all the Water Gone?	p. 121
2.4.4 A Midnight Feast	p. 122
2.4.5 Green for Danger	p. 123
2.4.6 Minor Change--Major Problem	p. 126
2.4.7 A Positive Reflection	p. 126
2.4.8 Hanging Free	p. 128
2.4.9 The Devil is in the Detail	p. 129
2.4.10 Lessons to be Learned	p. 130
2.5 Transients: Current Status--Future Developments	p. 131
2.5.1 Summary of Fluid Transient Modelling Capability in 2003	p. 131
2.5.2 Knowledge Engineering and Fluid Transients	p. 133
2.5.3 Behaviour and Response of the Fluid	p. 137
2.5.4 Dynamic Behaviour of Components and Devices	p. 138
2.5.5 Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI)	p. 139
2.5.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 140
Part 3
3.1 Some Basic Theory	p. 143
3.1.1 Change in Pressure across a Transient	p. 143
3.1.2 The Wave Speed Equation	p. 144
3.1.3 Equations for Calculating Wave Speeds	p. 145
3.1.3.1 Pipes of Circular Cross-Section	p. 145
3.1.3.2 Tunnels	p. 151
3.1.3.3 Plastic, uPVC and Glass-Reinforced Plastic Pipes	p. 153
3.1.3.4 Non-circular Ducts	p. 153
3.1.3.5 Liquids Other than Water	p. 154
3.1.3.6 Multiphase and Multicomponent Fluids	p. 155
3.1.3.7 Plastically Deforming Tubes	p. 158
3.1.3.8 Flexible Hoses	p. 159
3.1.3.9 Data for Wave Speed Estimates	p. 160
3.2 Rigid Column Approximations	p. 162
3.2.1 Equation of Motion	p. 163
3.2.2 Cavity Formation and Collapse in a Rising Main	p. 164
3.2.3 Air or Water Admission at a Low-Pressure Point	p. 167
3.3 Estimation of Air Vessel Capacities	p. 168
3.3.1 Rising Mains	p. 168
3.3.1.1 Unthrottled Air Vessels	p. 169
3.3.1.2 Throttled (Bypass) Air Vessels	p. 185
3.3.1.3 Worked Example and Outline Procedure	p. 187
3.3.2 Start-up of Deep-Well Pumps	p. 190
3.3.2.1 Outline Procedure	p. 196
3.3.2.2 Demonstration Example	p. 197
3.4 Pump Data	p. 201
3.4.1 Pump Performance Characteristics	p. 201
3.4.2 Moment of Inertia of Pumps and Motors	p. 210
3.4.2.1 Pump Inertias	p. 210
3.4.2.2 Motor Inertias	p. 213
3.5 Pressure Rises Following Valve Closure	p. 214
3.6 Air Relief and Vacuum-Breaking Valves	p. 224
3.6.1 Ventilation of Pipelines	p. 225
3.6.2 Air Valves for Surge Control	p. 227
3.6.3 Selection and Siting of Air Valves	p. 230
3.6.4 Air Valves in Fuel and Petrochemical Lines	p. 233
3.6.5 Air Valves for Sewage and Industrial Effluents	p. 234
3.6.6 Air Valves for Deep-Well Installations	p. 235
3.6.7 The Sizing of Air Valves	p. 235
3.6.8 Care and Maintenance	p. 238
3.7 Pressure Relief and Safety Valves	p. 238
3.7.1 Sizing Considerations	p. 241
3.7.2 Bursting Discs	p. 243
3.8 Valve Characteristics	p. 245
3.8.1 Head Losses Through Valves	p. 245
3.8.2 Dynamic Performance of Check Valves	p. 264
3.9 Other Sources of Information	p. 270
3.9.1 Bibliography	p. 270
3.9.2 World Wide Web	p. 271
References	p. 274
Suggested Further Reading	p. 279
Index	p. 281

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