Integrated watershed management : connecting people to their land and water

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010205146	TC409 G734 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
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As human populations expand and demands upon natural resources increase, the need to manage the environments in which people live becomes more important but also more difficult. Land and water management is especially critical as the use of upstream watersheds can drastically affect large numbers of people living in downstream watersheds. An integrated approach that stresses both the importance of participatory planning and the institutional and technical constraints and opportunities is therefore necessary. The institutional and technical context for managing watersheds and river basins, including the involvement of both the public and private sectors, is also examined.

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Choice Review

This book's ambitious goal is to show policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, and citizen-activists how to apply integrated watershed management (IWM) principles--engineering, economic, and institutional tools that permit river restoration and sustainable practice across political boundaries--to their work. No new theoretical ground is broken here: this is a book for those who believe that enough is known about the advantages of IWM to apply them in a variety of developed and developing nation contexts. Gregersen (Univ. of Arizona) and colleagues clearly yet comprehensively enumerate a range of issues that can benefit from IWM, including water scarcity, restoration of soil and vegetative land cover, and sustaining agriculture on marginal lands. The work provides numerous sidebars and illustrations of subjects as diverse as agroforestry, nonstructural methods of restoration, regulatory regimes, and hydrologic monitoring. Although the topical coverage is very broad, Integrated Watershed Management could benefit from more discussion of the controversies involved in various IWM components (e.g., adaptive management), the ethical dimensions of water policy, and climate variability and change. This work is very useful if supplemented by more conceptual monographs such as the National Research Council's Adaptive Management for Water Resources Project Planning (2004) and Malcolm Newson's Land, Water and Development (2nd ed., 1997). Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through professionals. D. L. Feldman University of California, Irvine

Preface and Overview	p. ix
1 Challenges and Opportunities	p. 1
Fundamental Questions Addressed	p. 3
Challenges Faced	p. 4
Water scarcity	p. 6
Loss of protective vegetative cover and accelerated loss of soil resources	p. 6
Soil loss and nutrient depletion in humid tropical regions	p. 7
Problems of sustaining people's livelihood	p. 7
Other challenges	p. 8
Meeting the Challenges: Some Examples	p. 8
Alleviating water scarcity in arid regions	p. 9
Providing necessary natural resources to people	p. 9
Reconciling timber production and other watershed values	p. 10
Sustaining agricultural production on marginal lands	p. 10
A success story	p. 11
2 Land Use, Watershed Management and Cumulative Effects	p. 13
Interactions of Land Uses	p. 13
Availability of high-quality water	p. 14
Agricultural cropping	p. 18
Livestock production	p. 19
Wood production and other forestry activities	p. 20
Agroforestry practices	p. 20
Urban development and roads	p. 21
Linkages Between Land Use, Soil and Water	p. 22
Achieving watershed management objectives	p. 22
Maintaining good watershed condition	p. 24
Sustaining and improving on-site productivity	p. 25
Increasing water yield: implications for water supply	p. 27
Improving water quality	p. 32
Mitigating effects of landslides, debris flows and flooding	p. 33
Groundwater implications	p. 34
Rehabilitation activities	p. 35
Watershed health: a dynamic equilibrium	p. 36
Upstream-downstream connections	p. 37
Cumulative Effects	p. 38
3 Institutional Context	p. 40
Water Governance	p. 41
Institutional Effectiveness	p. 43
Dealing with Conflicting Interests	p. 44
Customary Water Rights, Water Laws and Treaties	p. 45
Customary and statutory water rights	p. 46
Land tenure and water rights	p. 47
In-country water sharing agreements	p. 48
International treaties and transcountry boundary institutions	p. 49
Incentives and market-based institutions	p. 51
Policy inferences	p. 51
Other incentive considerations	p. 52
Privatization of water	p. 52
Water prices, subsidies and cost recovery	p. 53
Payment for environmental services	p. 54
Governmental Agencies, Land and Water User Groups and Other Organizational Mechanisms	p. 55
Government agencies, boards and commissions	p. 55
Water user groups and associations	p. 59
4 Planning and Policy Making	p. 64
Setting the Context for Planning	p. 64
Watershed-level Planning and Action	p. 67
Lessons from Past Experience: Lessons for the Future	p. 73
Planning Elements	p. 76
Parallel policy design	p. 78
Planning Tools	p. 78
Economics as a Planning and Management Tool	p. 81
Principles related to economics as a planning and management tool	p. 81
Principles related to values and valuation	p. 84
Principles related to externalities, transfer payments and payments for environmental services	p. 86
Steps in the economic assessment process	p. 87
5 Hydrologic Processes and Technical Aspects	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Watershed Hydrology	p. 89
Hydrologic Cycle	p. 90
Water budget	p. 92
Application of the water budget	p. 94
Impacts of watershed characteristics on hydrologic processes	p. 96
Precipitation	p. 96
Interception	p. 97
Evapotranspiration	p. 99
Infiltration	p. 101
Flow processes	p. 102
Streamflow	p. 103
Stream Channels, Floods, Flood Plains and Land Use	p. 105
Annual Water Yield	p. 107
Water Quality	p. 107
Water quality management objectives	p. 107
Water quality concerns	p. 108
Importance of Monitoring	p. 109
Precipitation	p. 109
Streamflow	p. 110
Water quality	p. 110
6 Monitoring and Evaluation to Improve Performance	p. 111
Relationship of Monitoring to Evaluation	p. 112
Monitoring	p. 112
Evaluation	p. 113
Design of Monitoring Programmes	p. 114
Determining information needs	p. 115
The costs and benefits of monitoring information	p. 119
Collecting Information	p. 120
Information management	p. 121
Monitoring the Biophysical System	p. 121
Types of biophysical monitoring	p. 122
Role of computer simulation modelling	p. 124
Monitoring Socio-economic Impacts	p. 125
Design of M&E Systems	p. 126
Determining information needs	p. 127
Timing of evaluations	p. 128
Early warning signs	p. 129
Evaluation focus	p. 129
7 Research, Training, Information and Technology Transfer	p. 131
Contributions of Research to Watershed Management	p. 131
Roles of researchers and managers	p. 132
Meeting people's needs	p. 133
Training Activities	p. 134
Classroom training activities	p. 134
Training levels	p. 134
A modular approach	p. 135
Training formats	p. 136
Learning methods	p. 137
Planning training activities	p. 138
Evaluation of training effectiveness	p. 139
Distance learning	p. 140
Recent innovations	p. 140
Use of compact discs	p. 141
Internet Applications	p. 141
Email	p. 142
Bulletin boards	p. 142
Blogs	p. 142
World Wide Web	p. 143
8 Adaptive, Integrated Management of Watersheds: Concluding Thoughts	p. 145
Role of Adaptive Management	p. 145
Foundational Premise	p. 146
Components of the Process	p. 147
Framework of the Process	p. 148
Alternative Models	p. 149
Applying Adaptive Management	p. 150
Conclusions	p. 150
Annexes	p. 153
Annex 3.1 A Process to Identify, Assess, and Deal with Policy Issues	p. 153
Annex 3.2 Principles and Standards for Privatization	p. 156
Annex 4.1 Stakeholders Categories	p. 161
Annex 4.2 Time Value of Money, Discount Rates, Discounting and Compounding	p. 165
Annex 4.3 Selected Bibliography of Useful References Dealing with the Economics of Natural Resources and Integrated Water and Watershed Management	p. 167
Annex 6.1 A procedure for monitoring Water Quality to Insure Credibility and Consistency	p. 168
Annex 6.2 Database Management Systems and Database Models	p. 171
Annex 6.3 Computer Simulation Models	p. 174
Annex 6.4 Geographic Information Systems	p. 179
Annex 7.1 Establishing a Research Agenda	p. 183
Annex 7.2 Illustrative Modules and Sessions for Watershed Management Training Activities	p. 184
Annex 7.3 Planning Watershed Management Training Activities	p. 185
References	p. 188
Index	p. 197

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