Handbook of hydrothermal technology

Quartz, zeolites, gemstones, perovskite type oxides, ferrite, carbon allotropes, complex coordinated compounds and many more -- all products now being produced using hydrothermal technology. Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology brings together the latest techniques in this rapidly advancing field in one exceptionally useful, long-needed volume.The handbook provides a single source for understanding how aqueous solvents or mineralizers work under temperature and pressure to dissolve and recrystallize normally insoluble materials, and decompose or recycle any waste material. The result, as the authors show in the book, is technologically the most efficient method in crystal growth, materials processing, and waste treatment. The book gives scientists and technologists an overview of the entire subject including: À Evolution of the technology from geology to widespread industrial use. À Descriptions of equipment used in the process and how it works.À Problems involved with the growth of crystals, processing of technological materials, environmental and safety issues.À Analysis of the direction of today's technology.

In addition, readers get a close look at the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites, fluorides, sulfides, tungstates, and molybdates, as well as native elements and simple oxides. Delving into the commercial production of various types, the authors clarify the effects of temperature, pressure, solvents, and various other chemical components on the hydrothermal processes.

Author Notes

Dr. K. Byrappa is a senior Professor and the Coordinator of the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Programs at the University of Mysore, India. He specializes in hydrothermal techniques, crystal growth and materials processing. He has published over 200 research articles and authored books, and has also edited several highly specialized books from various international publishers. He is the Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editor and Editorial Board Member of many international journals. Professor Byrappa has received several national and international awards and fellowships.
Dr. Masahiro Yoshimura is a Professor Emeritus at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, and is currently at the National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, as a Distinguished Chair Professor and Director of the Promotion Center for Global Materials Research. He has edited several books, authored more than 700 research articles, and is an editorial board member of many international research journals. Professor Yoshimura has received several international awards.

Preface	p. xi
1 Hydrothermal Technology-Principles and Applications	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Definition	p. 3
1.3 Mineralizers	p. 9
1.4 Surfactants	p. 11
1.5 Natural Hydrothermal Systems	p. 12
1.6 The Behavior of Volatiles and Other Incompatible Components Under Hydrothermal Conditions	p. 14
1.7 Submarine Hydrothermal Systems	p. 18
1.8 Hydrothermal Crystal Growth and Materials Processing	p. 24
1.9 Statistics of Publications and Research in Hydrothermal Technology	p. 30
1.10 Hydrothermal Materials Processing	p. 37
References	p. 41
2 History of Hydrothermal Technology	p. 51
2.1 Introduction	p. 51
References	p. 70
3 Apparatus	p. 75
3.1 Introduction	p. 75
3.2 Selection of Autoclave and Autoclave Materials	p. 77
3.3 Liners	p. 81
3.4 Temperature and Pressure Measurements	p. 86
3.5 Autoclaves and Autoclave Designs	p. 89
3.6 Safety and Maintenance of Autoclaves	p. 128
References	p. 130
4 Physical Chemistry of Hydrothermal Growth of Crystals	p. 139
4.1 Introduction	p. 139
4.2 Basic Principles of Phase Formation Under Hydrothermal Conditions	p. 143
4.3 Solutions, Solubility, and Kinetics of Crystallization	p. 146
4.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Solubility	p. 151
4.5 Kinetics of Crystallization Under Hydrothermal Conditions	p. 158
4.6 Thermodynamic Calculations for the Intelligent Engineering of Materials	p. 165
References	p. 169
5 Hydrothermal Growth of Some Selected Crystals	p. 177
5.1 Quartz	p. 177
5.2 Growth of High-Quality (and Dislocation-Free) Quartz Crystals	p. 183
5.3 Berlinite	p. 196
5.4 Gallium Phosphate	p. 214
5.5 Potassium Titanyl Phosphate	p. 221
5.6 Potassium Titanyl Arsenate	p. 232
5.7 Calcite	p. 235
5.8 Hydroxyapatite	p. 247
References	p. 256
6 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Growth of Zeolites	p. 269
6.1 Introduction	p. 269
6.2 Mineralogy of Zeolites	p. 269
6.3 Crystal Chemistry of Zeolites	p. 271
6.4 Comparison Between Natural and Synthetic Zeolites	p. 278
6.5 Synthesis of Zeolites	p. 282
6.6 Crystal Growth	p. 311
6.7 Aluminophosphate Zeolites	p. 316
6.8 Growth of Zeolite Thin Films and Crystals at Inorganic-Organic Interfaces (Preparation of Zeolite-Based Composites)	p. 322
6.9 Applications of Zeolites	p. 325
6.10 Oxidative Catalysis on Zeolites	p. 333
References	p. 338
7 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Growth of Coordinated Complex Crystals (Part I)	p. 349
7.1 Introduction	p. 349
7.2 Crystal Chemical Background	p. 350
7.3 Rare Earth Silicates	p. 357
7.4 Phase Formation of Rare Earth Silicates (in Aqueous Solvents)	p. 358
7.5 Crystal Chemical Significance of Phase Formation	p. 365
7.6 Degree of Silification	p. 385
7.7 Properties of Rare Earth Silicates	p. 386
7.8 Sodium Zirconium Silicates	p. 388
7.9 Growth of Selected Silicates	p. 392
7.10 Hydrothermal Growth of Lithium Silicates	p. 413
7.11 Hydrothermal Growth of Germanates	p. 415
7.12 Properties of Germanates	p. 433
7.13 Hydrothermal Growth of Phosphates	p. 436
7.14 Hydrothermal Growth of Mixed Valent Metal Phosphates	p. 451
7.15 Properties of Rare Earth and Mixed Valent Metal Phosphates	p. 464
7.16 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadates	p. 468
7.17 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Borates	p. 476
References	p. 492
8 Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Fluorides, Sulfides, Tungstates, Molybdates, and Related Compounds (Coordinated Complex Crystals, Part II)	p. 509
8.1 Introduction	p. 509
8.2 Fluorides	p. 509
8.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Transition Metal Fluorides	p. 515
8.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fluorocarbonates and Fluorophosphates	p. 518
8.5 Oxyfluorinated Compounds	p. 520
8.6 Physical Properties of Transition Metal Fluorides and Fluorocarbonates/Fluorophosphates/Oxyfluorides	p. 521
8.7 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Tungstates	p. 524
8.8 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Molybdates	p. 533
8.9 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Titanates	p. 536
8.10 Hydrothermal Growth of Lithium Metagallate Crystals	p. 546
8.11 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Sulfides	p. 547
8.12 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selenides, Tellurides, Niobates, and Tantalates	p. 555
8.13 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Arsenates	p. 560
References	p. 561
9 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Native Elements and Simple Oxides	p. 569
9.1 Introduction	p. 569
9.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Native Elements	p. 569
9.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hydroxides	p. 576
9.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selected Oxides	p. 578
9.5 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mixed Oxides	p. 595
References	p. 607
10 Hydrothermal Technology for Nanotechnology-A Technology for Processing of Advanced Materials	p. 615
10.1 Introduction	p. 615
10.2 Current Trends in Hydrothermal Technology	p. 616
10.3 New Concepts in Hydrothermal Technology	p. 617
10.4 Hydrothermal Processing of Fine Particles	p. 623
10.5 Hydrothermal Technology for Nanotechnology	p. 624
10.6 Hydrothermal Processing of Selected Advanced Materials	p. 627
10.7 Hydrothermal Processing of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles	p. 681
10.8 Hydrothermal Processing of Bioceramics	p. 686
10.9 Hydrothermal Technology for the Twenty-First Century	p. 726
10.10 Future Trends in Hydrothermal Research	p. 736
References	p. 737
Index	p. 763

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Table of Contents