Beyond the Keynesian endpoint : crushed by credit and deceived by debt -- how to revive the global economy

During the Great Depression, legendary British economist Keynes advocated using government money to fill the economic void until consumer spending and business investment recovered. But what happens when governments can't do that anymore? You've arrived at "The Keynesian Endpoint": when the money has run out before the economy has been rescued. That's where we are. Exhausted balance sheets leave policy makers with few viable options to bolster economic growth; increasingly, they point leaders and citizens towards brutal choices that were previously unimaginable. Meanwhile, investors struggle to navigate volatile markets overwhelmed by sovereign debt--and, as they do, they lose tolerance for fiscal recklessness. In the U.S. and around the world, debt-fueled spending programs devised to cure the global financial crisis are now morphing into poison. In "Beyond The Keynesian Endpoint," PIMCO Executive Vice President and market strategist Tony Crescenzi illuminates the mounting sovereign debt crisis, dissects each of the many scenarios now swirling around it, and reveals the profound implications for governments, investors, and the world economy.

Author Notes

Tony Crescenzi is Executive Vice President, Market Strategist, and Portfolio Manager for PIMCO, a leading global investment management firm. He was previously Chief Bond Market Strategist at Miller Tabak, where he worked for 23 years.

Crescenzi appears regularly on CNBC and Bloomberg, has guest-hosted Squawk Box, and has taught at Baruch College's executive MBA program for 10 years. He has 28 years of investment experience and holds an MBA from St. John's University and an undergraduate degree from the City University of New York.

His books include Investing from the Top Down , the recent Fourth Edition of Marcia Stigum's 1,200-page classic The Money Market , and The Strategic Bond Investor, Second Edition .

Part 2 Viral Fusion
Chapter 3 Structure and Working of Viral Fusion MachineryAurélie Albertini and Stéphane Bressanelli and Jean Lepault and Yves Gaudin
I Overview	p. 49
II Introduction	p. 50
III Structures of Fusion Proteins	p. 51
IV Regulation of the Conformational Change	p. 63
V Working of the Fusion Machinery	p. 65
VI Concluding Remarks	p. 71
References	p. 71
Chapter 4 Membrane Fusion Mediated by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope GlycoproteinGregory B. Melikyan
I Overview	p. 81
II Introduction	p. 82
III HIV Assembly and Structure	p. 82
IV Structural Changes in HIV Env Leading to Membrane Fusion	p. 86
V What Drives the Enlargement of Fusion Pores?	p. 92
VI HIV Entry Pathways	p. 93
VII Concluding Remarks	p. 97
References	p. 98
Chapter 5 The Reovirus Fusion-Associated Small Transmembrane (FAST) Proteins: Virus-Encoded Cellular FusogensJulie Boutilier and Roy Duncan
I Overview	p. 107
II Introduction	p. 108
III The Diversity of Fast Proteins	p. 112
IV The Fast Proteins are Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Membrane Fusion	p. 115
V The Fast Proteins and Prefusion Events	p. 116
VI The Fast Proteins and Membrane Merger	p. 121
VII The Fast Proteins and Postfusion Events	p. 128
VIII Model of the Fast Protein-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion Reaction	p. 130
IX Summary and Future Directions	p. 132
References	p. 134
Part 3 Intracellular Fusion
Chapter 6 C2 Domains and Membrane FusionSascha Martens and Harvey T. McMahone
I Overview	p. 141
II Membrane Fusion	p. 141
III The Molecular Machinery Mediating Calcium-Dependent Membrane Fusion	p. 146
IV Conclusion	p. 154
References	p. 155
Chapter 7 Chasing the Trails of SNAREs and Lipids Along the Membrane Fusion PathwayTae-Young Yoon and Dae-Hyuk Kweon and Yeon-Kyun Shin
I Overview	p. 161
II Introduction	p. 162
III SNARE-Dependent Membrane Fusion	p. 163
IV Small Molecules as Interrogators for SNARE-Mediated Membrane Fusion	p. 170
V Single Molecule (or Particle) Fluorescence Techniques to Study SNARE-Mediated Membrane Fusion	p. 173
References	p. 180
Chapter 8 Inferring Structures of Kinetic Intermediates in Ca 2+ -Triggered ExocytosisMeyer B. Jackson
I Overview	p. 185
II Introduction	p. 186
III Hypothetical Intermediates	p. 187
IV Lipid Contact	p. 188
V Fluid Contact	p. 190
VI Hydrocarbon-Water Contact	p. 191
VII Membrane Bending	p. 192
VIII Role of Proteins	p. 196
IX Conclusion	p. 202
References	p. 203
Part 4 Developmental Cell Fusion
Chapter 9 Eukaryotic Cell-Cell Fusion FamiliesOri Avinoam and Benjamin Podbilewicz
I Overview	p. 209
II Introduction	p. 210
III Choosing a Model System: C. elegans as an Organism to Study Cell-Cell Fusion	p. 211
IV Syncytins: an Expanding Metazoan Fusion Family	p. 223
V Regulation of Cell-Cell Fusion in Nematodes and Mammals	p. 225
VI Concluding Remarks	p. 226
References	p. 227
Chapter 10 Invasive Podosomes and Myoblast FusionElizabeth H. Chen
I Overview	p. 235
II Introduction	p. 235
III Myoblast Fusion in Vertebrates	p. 235
IV Drosophila as A Model System to Study Myoblast Fusion	p. 237
V Myoblast Fusion in Drosophila	p. 238
VI Relevance to Vertebrate Myoblast Fusion	p. 252
VII Concluding Remarks	p. 253
References	p. 254
Part 5 Theoretical Modeling
Chapter 11 Lipid Acrobatics in the Membrane Fusion ArenaAlbert J. Markvoort and Siewert J. Marrink
I Overview	p. 259
II Introduction	p. 260
III Historical Background	p. 261
IV Fusion Pathways at the Molecular Level	p. 263
V Energy Landscape Along the Fusion Pathway	p. 268
VI Fission Pathways in Molecular Detail	p. 276
VII Peptide Modulated Fusion	p. 281
VIII Outlook	p. 287
References	p. 289
Chapter 12 An Alternate Path for Fusion and its Exploration by Field-Theoretic MeansMarcus Müller and Michael Schick
I Overview	p. 295
II Introduction	p. 295
III A Different Pathway to Fusion	p. 298
IV Results from A Field-Theoretic Description	p. 303
V Outlook	p. 314
VI Conclusion	p. 318
References	p. 319
Index	p. 325

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