Introduction to modern EW systems

Helps engineers learn various electronic warfare (EW) techniques and technologies related to on-board military platforms. This book offers insight into EW systems principles of operation and their mathematical descriptions, arming professionals with better knowledge for their specific design applications.

Author Notes

Andrea Be Martino is the chief technical officer at Elettronica S.p.A. in Rome, Italy. He received an M.S. in nuclear/electronic track engineering and a Ph.D. in automatic controls, both from the Sapienza University of Rome.

Foreword	p. xi
Introduction	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Warfare Scenarios	p. 1
1.1 Definitions and EW Role in the Military Field	p. 1
1.2 Main Weapons Systems of Interest to EW	p. 3
1.2.1 Artillery Systems	p. 6
1.2.2 Missile Systems	p. 7
1.2.3 Active Homing Missiles	p. 10
1.2.4 Track via Missile Systems	p. 12
1.2.5 Passive IR-Guided Missiles	p. 13
1.2.6 Sea-Skimming Missiles	p. 13
1.2.7 Antiradiation Missiles	p. 14
1.3 EW in Symmetric Conflicts	p. 15
1.4 EW in Asymmetric Conflicts	p. 20
References	p. 21
Chapter 2 Evolution of Signal Emitters and Sensors	p. 23
2.1 Introduction	p. 23
2.2 Sensor Electromagnetic Spectrum and Atmospheric Propagation	p. 24
2.3 Radar Principles and Types	p. 26
2.3.1 Radar Equation	p. 29
2.3.2 Radar Structure	p. 32
2.3.3 Radar Signal Processing Fundamentals	p. 37
2.3.4 Automatic Detection	p. 50
2.3.5 Pulse Compression	p. 55
2.3.6 Surveillance Radars	p. 65
2.3.7 LPI Radars	p. 66
2.3.8 Pulse Doppler Radars	p. 75
2.3.9 Tracking Radars	p. 83
2.3.10 Synthetic Aperture Radars	p. 101
2.3.11 Bistatic Radars	p. 104
2.4 Communications	p. 113
2.4.1 Access Methods	p. 115
2.4.2 Digital Signaling	p. 116
2.4.3 Secure Communications	p. 119
2.4.4 Coding of Communication Signals	p. 120
2.4.5 Typical Military Communication Systems	p. 123
2.5 Satellite Navigation Systems	p. 125
2.6 Electro-Optical Thermal Imagers	p. 129
2.6.1 Minimum Resolvable Temperature	p. 136
2.6.2 IR Missile Seekers	p. 139
2.6.3 Missile Approach Warner	p. 147
2.7 Laser Radar Systems	p. 147
2.7.1 Laser Target Designation and Ranging	p. 148
2.7.2 Laser Radar Receivers	p. 149
2.7.3 Laser Radar Range Equation	p. 149
2.7.4 Target Detection	p. 153
References	p. 154
Chapter 3 Electronic Warfare RF Band Sensor Systems	p. 157
3.1 Introduction	p. 157
3.2 EW Radar Band Sensors	p. 158
3.2.1 RWR Architecture	p. 159
3.2.2 ESM Architecture	p. 160
3.2.3 ELINT Architecture	p. 161
3.3 EW Sensor Sensitivity	p. 161
3.3.1 Conclusions	p. 168
3.4 Probability of Interception	p. 168
3.5 EW Radar Band Sensor Architectures	p. 175
3.5.1 Architecture of Past Generation Intercept Receivers	p. 175
3.5.2 Architecture of New EW Radar Band Sensors	p. 184
3.5.3 DSP Technologies	p. 192
3.6 Detection and Classification of LPI Radars	p. 197
3.7 Emitter Deinterleaving and Sorting	p. 204
3.8 Emitter Identification	p. 206
3.9 Communications ESM	p. 208
3.9.1 CESM	p. 208
3.9.2 COMINT	p. 215
3.10 SIGINT	p. 216
3.11 Conclusion	p. 217
References	p. 220
Chapter 4 RF Direction-Finding and Emitter Location Techniques	p. 221
4.1 Introduction	p. 221
4.2 Amplitude Comparison DF Methods	p. 222
4.3 Phase Comparison Monopulse DF Measurement Methods	p. 229
4.3.1 Correlative Phase DF	p. 232
4.4 Time-Difference DF	p. 238
4.5 Emitter Location	p. 244
4.5.1 Triangulation	p. 245
4.5.2 Trilateration	p. 247
4.5.3 Frequency Difference on Arrival Passive Location Technique	p. 251
4.5.4 Inverse Passive Location	p. 255
4.6 Conclusion	p. 259
References	p. 259
Chapter 5 Electronic Countermeasure Systems	p. 261
5.1 Introduction	p. 261
5.1.1 Typical RECM Requirements and Missions	p. 263
5.1.2 EW Radar Jamming Equation	p. 264
5.2 Radar ECM Architecture	p. 267
5.3 Digital Radio-Frequency Memory	p. 272
5.3.1 Phase-Sampled DRFMs	p. 274
5.4 Radar ECM Transmitters	p. 276
5.5 Chaff	p. 289
5.6 Communication ECM Systems	p. 291
5.7 Infrared ECM Systems	p. 295
5.7.1 Flares	p. 300
5.8 Conclusion	p. 302
References	p. 302
Chapter 6 ECM Techniques and Sensor ECCMs	p. 303
6.1 Introduction	p. 303
6.2 ECM Principles and Techniques Used Against Surveillance Radars and Related ECCMs	p. 304
6.2.1 Frequency Agility in Transmission	p. 304
6.2.2 PRI Agility	p. 304
6.2.3 Ultralow Sidelobes	p. 305
6.2.4 Multiple-Sidelobe Cancellers	p. 305
6.2.5 Sidelobe Blanker	p. 308
6.2.6 Adaptive Arrays	p. 310
6.2.7 Noise Jamming	p. 311
6.2.8 False Targets	p. 312
6.3 ECM Principles and Techniques Used Against Tracking Radars and Related ECCMs	p. 313
6.3.1 Range Tracking Loop Deception	p. 314
6.3.2 RECM Techniques Used Against Radar Doppler Tracking	p. 318
6.3.3 RECM Techniques Used Against Radar Angle Measurement	p. 320
6.4 Conclusions About RECM Techniques	p. 337
6.5 ECM Principles and Techniques Used Against Communication Systems	p. 338
6.5.1 Noise Jamming	p. 341
6.5.2 Follower Jammer	p. 343
6.6 Conclusions About ECM Techniques	p. 345
References	p. 346
Appendix A Signal Detection in Sensor Receivers	p. 349
A.1 Integration of Successive Radar Pulses	p. 354
A.2 Coherent Detection	p. 355
References	p. 356
Appendix B Introductory Concepts of Estimation Theory	p. 357
B.1 Maximum Likelihood Function Estimator	p. 359
B.2 Least-Squares Method of Estimation	p. 360
Reference	p. 361
Appendix C Antennas and Phased Array Antennas	p. 363
C.1 Antenna Types	p. 366
C.2 Array Antennas	p. 368
References	p. 379
Appendix D Analog Modulation Methods	p. 381
D.1 Amplitude Modulation	p. 381
D.2 Angle Modulation	p. 381
D.3 Quadrature Modulation	p. 384
Reference	p. 385
Appendix E Evaluation of BER Increase for Noise and CW Tone Jamming in	p. 387
Communication Systems Employing BFSK Modulation	p. 387
References	p. 392
List of Acronyms	p. 393
About the Author	p. 401

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