The six-port technique with microwave and wireless applications

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One of the main issues in microwave and wireless system design is to ensure high performance with low cost techniques. The six-port technique helps allow for this in critical network design areas. This book offers an overview of the six-port technique, from basic principles of RF measurement based techniques, to coverage of key applications.

Author Notes

Fadhel M. Ghannouchi is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Calgary, where he also serves as a Canada Research Chair in intelligent RF radio technology. Dr. Ghannouchi holds a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Montreal. He has written over 400 refereed journal articles and conference papers in the area of microwave and radio engineering.
Abbas Mohammadi is a professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at the Amirkabir University of Technology and an adjunct researcher at the University of Calgary. He holds a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. He has written over 120 refereed journal articles and conference papers in the area of microwave and wireless communications.

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Six-Port Technique
1.1 Microwave Network Theory	p. 1
1.1.1 Power and Reflection	p. 1
1.1.2 Scattering Parameters	p. 3
1.2 Microwave Circuits Design Technologies	p. 6
1.2.1 Microwave Transmission Lines	p. 6
1.2.2 Microwave Passive Circuits	p. 7
1.2.3 Fabrication Technologies	p. 10
1.3 Six-Port Circuits	p. 13
1.3.1 Microwave Network Measurements	p. 13
1.3.2 Wireless Applications	p. 16
1.3.3 Microwave Applications	p. 17
References	p. 18
Chapter 2 Six-Port Fundamentals
2.1 Analysis of Six-Port Reflectometers	p. 2
2.2 Linear Model	p. 24
2.3 Quadratic Model	p. 26
2.4 Six- to Four-Port Reduction	p. 28
2.5 Error Box Procedure Calculation	p. 31
2.6 Power Flow Measurements	p. 32
2.7 Six-Port Reflectometer with a Reference Port	p. 33
2.8 Measurement Accuracy Estimation	p. 34
References	p. 36
Chapter 3 The Design of Six Port Junctions
3.1 Design Consideration for Six-Port Junctions	p. 39
3.2 Waveguide Six-Port Junctions	p. 4
3.3 Frequency Compensated Optimal Six-Port Junctions	p. 43
3.4 Frequency Compensated Quasi-Optimal Six-Port Junctions	p. 49
3.5 A Six-Port Junction Based on a Symmetrical Five-Port Ring Junction	p. 53
3.6 High Power Six-Port Junction in Hybrid WaveGuide/Stripline Technology	p. 58
3.7 Worst-Case Error Estimation	p. 59
References	p. 62
Chapter 4 Calibration Techniques
4.1 Calibration Method Using Seven Standards	p. 65
4.2 Linear Calibration Using Five Standards	p. 67
4.3 Nonlinear Calibration Using Four Standards	p. 70
4.4 Nonlinear Calibration Using Three Standards	p. 71
4.5 Self-Calibration Based on Active Load Synthesis	p. 79
4.6 Dynamic Range Extension	p. 81
4.7 Diode Linearization Technique	p. 84
4.8 Power Calibration Technique	p. 86
References	p. 88
Chapter 5 Six-Port Network Analyzers
5.1 General Formulation	p. 91
5.2 Case of a Reciprocal Two-Port DUT	p. 93
5.3 Case of an Arbitrary Two-Port DUT	p. 94
5.4 Six-Port Based De-Embedding Technique: Theory	p. 96
5.5 Two-Port De-Embedding Technique	p. 99
5.6 Calculation of the Error-Box Parameters	p. 102
5.7 Determination of S Parameters of an Arbitrary DUT	p. 103
5.8 Tri-Six-Port Network Analyzer	p. 104
5.9 N-Six-Port Network Analyzer	p. 109
5.10 A Single Six-Port N-Port Vector Network Analyzer	p. 111
5.11 N-Port Calibration Algorithm	p. 113
References	p. 117
Chapter 6 Source Pull and Load-Pull Measurements Using the Six-Port Technique
6.1 Principles of Source-Pull/Load-Pull Measurements	p. 119
6.2 Impedance and Power Flow Measurements with an Arbitrary Test Port Impedance	p. 120
6.3 Operation of a Six-Port in Reverse Configuration	p. 122
6.3.1 Six-Port Reflectometer Calibration in Reverse Configuration	p. 124
6.3.2 Error Box Calculation for Reverse Six-Port Measurements	p. 127
6.3.3 Discussion	p. 128
6.4 Source-Pull Configuration Using Six-Port	p. 129
6.4.1 Passive Source-Pull Configuration	p. 129
6.4.2 Active Source-Pull Configuration	p. 130
6.5 Load-Pull Configuration Using Six-Port	p. 131
6.5.1 Passive Load-Pull Configuration	p. 131
6.5.2 Active Branch Load-Pull Configuration	p. 133
6.5.3 Active Loop Load-Pull Configuration	p. 134
6.6 Source-Pull/Load-Pull Configuration Using Six-Port	p. 135
6.7 A De-Embedding Technique for On-Wafer Load-Pull Measurements	p. 136
6.7.1 Calibration and Measurement Techniques	p. 136
Applications of Source-Pull Measurements	p. 139
6.8.1 Low Noise Amplifier Characterization	p. 139
6.8.2 Mixer Characterization	p. 140
6.8.3 Power Amplifier Characterization	p. 141
6.9 Source-Pull/Load-Pull Oscillator Measurements	p. 142
6.9.1 Six-Port Reflectometer with Variable Test Port Impedance	p. 143
6.9.2 Oscillator Measurements	p. 143
6.10 AM-AM/AM-PM Distortion Measurements of Microwave Transistors Using Active Load-Pull	p. 145
6.10.1 Principle of Operation	p. 145
6.10.2 Measurement Procedure	p. 149
6.11 Time-Domain Wave-Correlator for Power Amplifier Characterization and Optimization	p. 150
6.11.1 Time-Domain Waveform Measurement	p. 150
6.11.2 Multiharmonic Six-Port Reflectometer	p. 151
6.11.3 Time-Domain Voltage and Current Measurements	p. 154
References	p. 157
Chapter 7 Six-Port Wireless Applications
7.1 Multiport Transceiver	p. 161
7.1.1 Multiport Modulator	p. 161
7.1.2 Multiport Demodulator	p. 163
7.2 Six-Port Receiver	p. 164
7.2.1 Five-Port Receiver	p. 168
7.2.2 Noise in Six-Port Receiver	p. 171
7.2.3 Six-Port Receiver Calibration	p. 176
7.2.4 Six-Port Structure Bandwidth	p. 177
7.3 Six-Port in Software Radio Applications	p. 178
7.3.1 Five-Port Structure in Software Defined Radio Applications	p. 180
7.4 Six-Port in UWB Applications	p. 182
7.4.1 Six-Port Impulse Radio Modulator	p. 183
7.4.2 Six-Port Impulse Radio Demodulator	p. 184
7.4.3 Five-Port Receiver in UWB	p. 185
7.5 Six-Port in Millimeter-Wave Radios	p. 188
7.6 Comparison Between Six-Port and Conventional Receivers	p. 192
7.6.1 RF Performance	p. 192
7.6.2 Boundary Limitations	p. 193
7.7 Six-Port in Phased-Array Systems	p. 193
References	p. 196
Chapter 8 Six-Port Microwave Applications
8.1 Six-Port Microwave Reflectometer	p. 199
8.1.1 Six-Port Reflectometer	p. 199
8.2.1 High Power Microwave Reflectometer	p. 202
8.2 Six-Port Wave-Correlator	p. 203
8.2.1 General Concept	p. 203
8.2.2 Calibration System	p. 204
8.2.3 Architecture of a Wave-Correlator	p. 206
8.2.4 Beam Direction Finder Using a Six-Port Wave-Correlator	p. 206
8.2.5 Doppler Estimation Using a Six-Port Wave-Correlator	p. 207
8.3 Six-Port Applications in Direction Finders	p. 209
8.4 Six-Port Applications in Radar	p. 213
8.4.1 Six-Port Doppler Sensor	p. 213
8.4.2 Six-Port Range Sensor	p. 214
8.4.3 Radar Structure	p. 215
8.4.4 Radar Calibration	p. 216
8.5 Antenna Measurement Using Six-Port	p. 216
8.5.1 Near-Field Antenna Measurement	p. 216
8.5.2 Polarization Measurement	p. 218
8.6 Material Characterization Using Six-Port	p. 220
8.6.1 Measurement System	p. 220
8.6.2 Probe Model Analysis	p. 220
8.6.3 Probe Calibration	p. 223
8.7 Optical Measurement Using Six-Port	p. 223
8.7.1 Optical Six-Port Junction Design	p. 224
8.7.2 Optical Six-Port Analysis	p. 226
References	p. 228
About the Authors	p. 231
Index	p. 233

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