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Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
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Searching... | 30000010138883 | TA1750 P47 2007 v.2 | Open Access Book | Great Book | Searching... |
Searching... | 30000010138882 | TA1750 P47 2007 v.3 | Open Access Book | Great Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
In this second volume of the book series devoted to photorefractive effects we focus on the most recent developments in the field of photorefractive materials and we highlight the parameters which govern the photoinduced nonlinearity. The availability of materials having the required properties is of major importance for further development of this field, and there are many parameters which have to be considered in the figure of merit of a photorefractive material. As an example, it concerns in priority, the recording slope of the dynamic hologram and the saturation value of the index modulation which are specific characteristics of a given material. However, other features like spectral sensitivity range, dark storage time, material stability and power handling capabilities are also critical parameters to consider when using the crystal for advanced applications in laser photonics. There are a large diversity of potential materials which exhibit interesting photorefractive properties, like ferroelectric or non ferroelectric electro-optic crystals, semi insulating semiconductors or electro-optic polymers. If the basic mechanisms for space charge recording are well established, it is now required to have a very precise and extended knowledge of the physics of the charge transfer and related mechanisms which arises in doped materials. Also, we must know the material response for different conditions of hologram recording wavelength, laser intensity, continuous or pulsed regime. These research achievements on the physics of the photorefractive materials is of great importance in order to optimize or to tailor material properties. The main purpose of this second volume is to highlight the advances in material research but also including crystal growing conditions or material preparations and their impact on photorefractive performances. Following this objective, the reader will find in this book very detailed analysis on the material physics : investigations ofdefects in crystal, growing of stochiometric LiNbO3 or LiTaO3, a new crystal Sn2P2S6 for the near infrared, Quantum Well semiconductor structures and Sillenites. Beside the conventional electro-optic crystals, the volume also deals with organic photorefractive materials. Large progress have been made in the field recently in term of material sensitivity and efficiency under applied electric field. It is undoubtly a class of material of growing interest. We are confident that new advances will be done on the chemistry and on the synthesis of the polymers for a better control and optimization of the photorefractive properties. A closely related field is the photorefractive effect in liquid crystals materials, which exhibit attractive perspectives due to their large photoinduced index modulation. We also outline in this volume two other contributions which have an important impact for applications : the mechanisms of permanent photoinduced gratings in Silica-glass fibers used as wavelength selective Bragg filters and the growing of materials like LiNbO3 which have to be highly resistant to photorefractive damage for electro-optic and nonlinear optic applications. This volume gives an in depth review of the present understanding of the fundamental origins of the effect in a variety of materials. All the materials considered in this volume will play a significant role in the development of applications such as presented in the third volume of this serie. The contribution of the material is determinant for new progress in the field of photorefractive nonlinear optics. It is therefore most important to stimulate significant efforts of research on the basic physical phenomena in different materials. These research achievements may contribute to the discovery of new class of photorefractive material or will permit to optimize the performances of existing materials.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. v |
Contributors | p. xiii |
List of Symbols | p. xvii |
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
2 Defects in Inorganic Photorefractive Materials and Their Investigations | p. 9 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 9 |
2.2 Classification and General Properties of Defects | p. 10 |
2.3 Methods of Defect Investigation | p. 14 |
2.4 Defects in LiNbO[subscript 3] (LN) | p. 17 |
2.5 Defects in Oxide Perovskites | p. 24 |
2.6 Defects in the Sillenites Bi[subscript 12]MO[subscript 20] (BMO, M = Si, Ge, Ti) | p. 32 |
2.7 Defects in Other Photorefractive Materials | p. 37 |
2.8 Hydrogen | p. 41 |
2.9 Summary | p. 41 |
3 Recording Speed and Determination of Basic Materials Properties | p. 51 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 51 |
3.2 Theoretical Review | p. 54 |
3.3 Determination of Material Properties | p. 69 |
3.4 Conclusions | p. 79 |
4 Photorefractive Effects in LiNbO[subscript 3] and LiTaO[subscript 3] | p. 83 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 83 |
4.2 Fundamentals of Photorefractive Effects | p. 84 |
4.3 Light-Induced Charge Transport | p. 85 |
4.4 Photorefractive Properties and Performance Limits | p. 100 |
4.5 Effects at High Light Intensities | p. 106 |
4.6 Thermal Fixing | p. 112 |
4.7 Holographic Scattering | p. 116 |
4.8 Conclusions | p. 121 |
5 Growth and Photorefractive Properties of Stoichiometric LiNbO[subscript 3] and LiTaO[subscript 3] | p. 127 |
5.1 Growth and Basic Properties of Stoichiometric LiNbO[subscript 3] and LiTaO[subscript 3] | p. 128 |
5.2 Photorefractive Properties of Stoichiometric LiNbO[subscript 3] | p. 136 |
5.3 Holographic Properties of Stoichiometric LiNbO[subscript 3] | p. 140 |
5.4 Holography Using Photochromism in Stoichiometric LiNbO[subscript 3] | p. 146 |
5.5 Holography Using Undoped Stoichiometric LiTaO[subscript 3] | p. 153 |
5.A Appendix | p. 159 |
6 Optical Damage Resistance in Lithium Niobate | p. 165 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 165 |
6.2 Impurity- and Composition-Controlled Optical Damage Resistance in LiNbO[subscript 3] | p. 167 |
6.3 Incorporation of Optical-Damage-Resistant Ions into the LiNbO[subscript 3] Lattice | p. 176 |
6.4 Microscopic Origin of Optical Damage Resistance | p. 185 |
6.5 Optical Properties of LiNbO[subscript 3] Crystals Doped with Optical-Damage-Resistant Ions | p. 190 |
6.6 An Outline of Practical Potentials of Optical-Damage-Resistant LiNbO[subscript 3] Crystals | p. 194 |
6.7 Conclusion | p. 197 |
7 Photorefractive Effects in KNbO[subscript 3] | p. 205 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 205 |
7.2 Intrinsic Properties of KNbO[subscript 3] | p. 206 |
7.3 Doped KNbO[subscript 3] | p. 211 |
7.4 Photorefractive Data on Reduced and Unreduced KNbO[subscript 3] | p. 220 |
7.5 Conclusions | p. 235 |
8 Photorefractive Properties of BaTiO[subscript 3] | p. 241 |
8.1 Basic Properties and Technology | p. 242 |
8.2 Band Structure and Defects | p. 250 |
8.3 Band-Transport Model | p. 256 |
8.4 Physical Measurements Using the Photorefractive Effect | p. 263 |
8.5 Other Measurements in Photorefractive Crystals | p. 270 |
8.6 Optimization of Photorefractive Properties | p. 276 |
8.7 Conclusions | p. 281 |
9 Space-Charge Waves in Sillenites: Rectification and Second-Harmonic Generation | p. 285 |
9.1 Major Characteristics of Sillenites as Holographic Materials | p. 285 |
9.2 Space-Charge Waves | p. 297 |
10 Photorefractive Effects in Sn[subscript 2]P[subscript 2]S[subscript 6] | p. 327 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 327 |
10.2 Physical Properties | p. 328 |
10.3 Photorefractive Effects | p. 339 |
10.4 Optical Phase Conjugations and Self-Oscillations | p. 352 |
10.5 Conclusion | p. 359 |
11 Photorefractive Semiconductors and Quantum-Well Structures | p. 363 |
11.1 Bulk Photorefractive Semiconductors | p. 363 |
11.2 Photorefractive Semiconductor Heterostructures | p. 370 |
12 Recent Progress in Semiconductor Photorefractive Crystals | p. 391 |
12.1 Introduction | p. 391 |
12.2 Optimization of Semiconductors for Photorefraction | p. 393 |
12.3 Applications of Optimized Photorefractive Semiconductors | p. 409 |
12.4 Spatial Subharmonics in a Photorefractive Semiconductor | p. 412 |
12.5 Conclusions | p. 414 |
13 Amorphous Organic Photorefractive Materials | p. 419 |
13.1 Introduction | p. 420 |
13.2 Physics/Theory | p. 422 |
13.3 Experimental Techniques | p. 444 |
13.4 Amorphous Photorefractive Materials | p. 463 |
13.5 Conclusion | p. 479 |
14 Organic Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications | p. 487 |
14.1 Introduction | p. 487 |
14.2 Molecular and Bulk Nonlinear Optics | p. 488 |
14.3 Photoconducting Properties of Organic Materials | p. 498 |
14.4 The Photorefractive Effect in Organic Materials | p. 504 |
14.5 Organic Photorefractive Materials | p. 512 |
14.6 Applications | p. 523 |
14.7 Conclusion and Outlook | p. 526 |
15 Photosensitivity and Treatments for Enhancing the Photosensitivity of Silica-Based Glasses and Fibers | p. 535 |
15.1 Introduction | p. 535 |
15.2 Examples of Methods Used for Measuring Photoinduced Refractive Index Change | p. 539 |
15.3 Examples of Methods Used for Increasing the Photosensitivity of V-Silica-Based Glass or Fiber to UV Laser Illumination | p. 542 |
15.4 Factors on Which Depends the Photosensitive Response of Silica-Based Glasses | p. 546 |
15.5 Mechanisms of Photosensitivity in Germano-Silicate Glasses | p. 551 |
15.6 Stability of Photoinduced Changes in Refractive Index | p. 556 |
15.7 Conclusion | p. 560 |
16 Photorefractive Effects in Liquid Crystals | p. 571 |
16.1 Introduction | p. 571 |
16.2 First Observations of Photorefractivity in Nematic Liquid Crystals | p. 573 |
16.3 Effects of Dielectric and Conductivity Anisotropies | p. 576 |
16.4 Photorefractivity Based on Thermodiffusivity | p. 583 |
16.5 The Photoelectric Effect | p. 585 |
16.6 Phenomena Related to Charge Injection | p. 591 |
16.7 Photorefractivity in Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals | p. 597 |
16.8 Conclusion | p. 603 |
17 Photorefractive Effects in Organic Photochromic Materials | p. 607 |
17.1 Introduction | p. 607 |
17.2 Azobenzene and Azo-Containing Materials | p. 609 |
17.3 Spiropyrans | p. 618 |
17.4 Diarylethenes | p. 621 |
17.5 Conclusion | p. 626 |
Index | p. 631 |