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Summary
Summary
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics provides a balanced and uniquely visual treatment of the tools used in solving modern fluid mechanics problems. Presenting an image-intensive approach to fluid dynamics through classic kinematic concepts, the book demonstrates the importance of flow visualization in a framework of modern experimental techniques and flow simulation.
Detailed photographs and diagrams of fluid motions and phenomena throughout the text help students to see and understand why equations change drastically for different types of flows. Output illustrations from CFD (computational fluid dynamics) programs illustrate the possibilities of flow behavior, enabling students to concentrate on ideas instead of mathematics. The book also provides the means to solve interesting problems early in the course by presenting case studies at the beginning of the text. These cases are revisited later to reinforce empirical rules and help explain advanced methods of analyzing a flow.
Creating a foundation for further study in this important and exciting field, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics is ideal for a first course in fluid mechanics. The book is designed to accommodate students concentrating in mechanical engineering as well as those in the civil, aerospace, and chemical engineering fields.
Features
BLA highly organized 2-color interior and icons throughout the text aid in navigation and review.
BLCFD icons indicate subject matter that directly or indirectly relates to computational methods to familiarize students with this powerful tool.
BLFE icons note material that is covered in the Fundamentals of Engineering exam to help students prepare.
BLChapters on differential analysis of flow and on applications of fluid mechanics are self-contained so that instructors can pick and choose which topics to cover.
An Instructor's Manual and CD are available to adopters.
Author Notes
Edward J. Shaughnessy, Jr., is Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at Duke University.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xiii |
1 Fundamentals | |
Chapter 1 Fundamental Concepts | |
1.1 Introduction | p. 3 |
1.2 Gases, Liquids, and Solids | p. 14 |
1.3 Methods of Description | p. 22 |
1.4 Dimensions and Unit Systems | p. 29 |
1.5 Problem Solving | p. 34 |
1.6 Summary | p. 35 |
Problems | p. 36 |
Chapter 2 Fluid Properties | |
2.1 Introduction | p. 43 |
2.2 Mass, Weight, and Density | p. 43 |
2.3 Pressure | p. 51 |
2.4 Temperature and Other Thermal Properties | p. 64 |
2.5 The Perfect Gas Law | p. 70 |
2.6 Bulk Compressibility Modulus | p. 73 |
2.7 Viscosity | p. 80 |
2.8 Surface Tension | p. 85 |
2.9 Fluid Energy | p. 93 |
2.10 Summary | p. 97 |
Problems | p. 99 |
Chapter 3 Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics | |
3.1 Introduction | p. 103 |
3.2 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics | p. 105 |
3.3 Case Studies | p. 114 |
3.4 Summary | p. 140 |
Problems | p. 141 |
Chapter 4 Fluid Forces | |
4.1 Introduction | p. 146 |
4.2 Classification of Fluid Forces | p. 148 |
4.3 The Origins of Body and Surface Forces | p. 149 |
4.4 Body Forces | p. 152 |
4.5 Surface Forces | p. 160 |
4.6 Stress in a Fluid | p. 178 |
4.7 Force Balance in a Fluid | p. 187 |
4.8 Summary | p. 190 |
Problems | p. 191 |
Chapter 5 Fluid Statics | |
5.1 Introduction | p. 197 |
5.2 Hydrostatic Stress | p. 199 |
5.3 Hydrostatic Equation | p. 201 |
5.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution | p. 210 |
5.5 Hydrostatic Force | p. 233 |
5.6 Hydrostatic Moment | p. 252 |
5.7 Resultant Force and Point of Application | p. 267 |
5.8 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle | p. 269 |
5.9 Equilibrium and Stability of Immersed Bodies | p. 275 |
5.10 Summary | p. 278 |
Problems | p. 280 |
Chapter 6 The Velocity Field and Fluid Transport | |
6.1 Introduction | p. 299 |
6.2 The Fluid Velocity Field | p. 300 |
6.3 Fluid Acceleration | p. 312 |
6.4 The Substantial Derivative | p. 319 |
6.5 Classification of Flows | p. 320 |
6.6 No-Slip, No-Penetration Boundary Conditions | p. 336 |
6.7 Fluid Transport | p. 337 |
6.8 Average Velocity and Flowrate | p. 358 |
6.9 Summary | p. 363 |
Problems | p. 365 |
Chapter 7 Control Volume Analysis | |
7.1 Introduction | p. 375 |
7.2 Basic Concepts: System and Control Volume | p. 376 |
7.3 System and Control Volume Analysis | p. 377 |
7.4 Reynolds Transport Theorem for a System | p. 381 |
7.5 Reynolds Transport Theorem for a Control Volume | p. 382 |
7.6 Control Volume Analysis | p. 385 |
7.7 Summary | p. 450 |
Problems | p. 452 |
Chapter 8 Flow of an Inviscid Fluid: the Bernoulli Equation | |
8.1 Introduction | p. 474 |
8.2 Frictionless Flow Along a Streamline | p. 475 |
8.3 Bernoulli Equation | p. 477 |
8.4 Static, Dynamic, Stagnation, and Total Pressure | p. 490 |
8.5 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation | p. 496 |
8.6 Relationship to the Energy Equation | p. 521 |
8.7 Summary | p. 524 |
Problems | p. 526 |
Chapter 9 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude | |
9.1 Introduction | p. 534 |
9.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem | p. 536 |
9.3 Repeating Variable Method | p. 540 |
9.4 Similitude and Model Development | p. 549 |
9.5 Correlation of Experimental Data | p. 554 |
9.6 Application to Case Studies | p. 557 |
9.7 Summary | p. 563 |
Problems | p. 564 |
2 Differential Analysis of Flow | |
Chapter 10 Elements of Flow Visualization and Flow Structure | |
10.1 Introduction | p. 573 |
10.2 Lagrangian Kinematics | p. 578 |
10.3 The Eulerian-Lagrangian Connection | p. 590 |
10.4 Material Lines, Surfaces, and Volumes | p. 592 |
10.5 Pathlines and Streaklines | p. 597 |
10.6 Streamlines and Streamtubes | p. 603 |
10.7 Motion and Deformation | p. 607 |
10.8 Velocity Gradient | p. 612 |
10.9 Rate of Rotation | p. 619 |
10.10 Rate of Expansion | p. 635 |
10.11 Rate of Shear Deformation | p. 650 |
10.12 Summary | p. 653 |
Problems | p. 654 |
Chapter 11 Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics | |
11.1 Introduction | p. 659 |
11.2 Continuity Equation | p. 660 |
11.3 Momentum Equation | p. 666 |
11.4 Constitutive Model for a Newtonian Fluid | p. 671 |
11.5 Navier-Stokes Equations | p. 678 |
11.6 Euler Equations | p. 683 |
11.7 The Energy Equation | p. 699 |
11.8 Discussion | p. 702 |
11.9 Summary | p. 708 |
Problems | p. 709 |
Chapter 12 Analysis of Incompressible Flow | |
12.1 Introduction | p. 713 |
12.2 Steady Viscous Flow | p. 718 |
12.3 Unsteady Viscous Flow | p. 744 |
12.4 Turbulent Flow | p. 754 |
12.5 Inviscid Irrotational Flow | p. 760 |
12.6 Summary | p. 780 |
Problems | p. 782 |
3 Applications | |
Chapter 13 Flow in Pipes and Ducts | |
13.1 Introduction | p. 791 |
13.2 Steady, Fully Developed Flow in a Pipe or Duct | p. 793 |
13.3 Analysis of Flow in Single Path Pipe and Duct Systems | p. 817 |
13.4 Analysis of Flow in Multiple Path Pipe and Duct Systems | p. 846 |
13.5 Elements of Pipe and Duct System Design | p. 851 |
13.6 Summary | p. 864 |
Problems | p. 867 |
Chapter 14 External Flow | |
14.1 Introduction | p. 882 |
14.2 Boundary Layers: Basic Concepts | p. 884 |
14.3 Drag: Basic Concepts | p. 902 |
14.4 Drag Coefficients | p. 905 |
14.5 Lift and Drag of Airfoils | p. 926 |
14.6 Summary | p. 933 |
Problems | p. 935 |
Chapter 15 Open Channel Flow | |
15.1 Introduction | p. 942 |
15.2 Basic Concepts in Open Channel Flow | p. 945 |
15.3 The Importance of the Froude Number | p. 952 |
15.4 Energy Conservation in Open Channel Flow | p. 978 |
15.5 Flow in a Channel of Uniform Depth | p. 989 |
15.6 Flow in a Channel with Gradually Varying Depth | p. 1003 |
15.7 Flow Under a Sluice Gate | p. 1003 |
15.8 Flow Over a Weir | p. 1009 |
15.9 Summary | p. 1012 |
Problems | p. 1014 |
Appendixes | |
Appendix A Fluid Property Data for Various Fluids | p. 1 |
Appendix B Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere | p. 1 |
Appendix C Unit Conversion Factors | p. 1 |
Credits | p. 1 |
Index | p. 1 |