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Summary
Summary
Small hydro power installations have the potential to provide a renewable supply of energy to people in remote, hilly communities, far from the national gird. This book is based on the authors' considerable experience of installing hydroelectric schemes that produce up to 500kW for powering small communities. The book describes not only the electro-mechanical equipment and how it is installed, but also the correct setting of the installation and how to design and build the channels leading up to the turbine so as to optimize performance. These civil works can be carried out by local manpower, using materials that are usually available locally. Chapters cover the main components of small hydroelectric plants from the intake and the headrace channel, via the conveyance channel, to the forebay tank, penstock, turbine, and generator. This practical manual is a major new addition to the resources available for micro-hydro power project and programme managers worldwide and represents excellent value for such a detailed technical reference handbook.
Author Notes
Luis Rodrguez is a civil engineer with extensive experience designing and installing micro hydro systems in Peru and Central America, working for Practical Action since 1992, as well as the Peruvian Government and other organizations.
Teodoro Snchez is the Technology and Policy Adviser for Energy, Practical Action. He is a mechanical engineer with 20 years' expedience with Practical Action in Peru and Britain.
Table of Contents
Figures, tables and photographs | p. ix |
Preface | p. xxi |
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
Rural electrification problems | p. 1 |
Development and promotion of renewable energies in developing countries | p. 3 |
Hydropower and its social development potential | p. 4 |
Designing a project for a hydroelectric plant | p. 7 |
The hydroelectric plant | p. 13 |
2 Intake | p. 15 |
Intake weir with stop planks | p. 18 |
Tyrolean type intake | p. 22 |
Design of the main components | p. 27 |
Intake construction procedures | p. 32 |
Technical specifications | p. 40 |
3 Headrace channel | p. 45 |
Channel | p. 45 |
Spillway | p. 49 |
4 Coarse settling basin | p. 53 |
Design | p. 54 |
Construction procedure | p. 55 |
Technical specifications | p. 56 |
5 Conveyance channel | p. 59 |
Design of the channel | p. 61 |
Conveyance channel construction process | p. 67 |
Technical specifications | p. 76 |
Works to complement the conveyance channel | p. 77 |
6 Silt basin | p. 85 |
Description and characteristics of the silt basin elements | p. 85 |
Design of the silt basin and complementary works | p. 88 |
Silt basin construction process | p. 89 |
Technical specifications | p. 96 |
7 Forebay tank | p. 97 |
Design of the forebay tank | p. 98 |
Construction process | p. 105 |
Technical specifications | p. 105 |
8 Penstock | p. 109 |
Penstock materials | p. 109 |
Penstock design | p. 113 |
Supports | p. 121 |
Anchors | p. 126 |
Construction process | p. 135 |
Repairing PVC penstock | p. 141 |
Technical specifications | p. 142 |
9 Electromechanical equipment | p. 149 |
Hydropower turbines | p. 149 |
Hydropower turbine sizing | p. 158 |
Electric generators | p. 165 |
Control of hydroelectric plants | p. 168 |
Examples of the selection of electromechanical equipment | p. 168 |
Electricity transmission and distribution | p. 172 |
10 Powerhouse building | p. 173 |
Design | p. 173 |
Technical specifications | p. 180 |
Procedure for building the powerhouse | p. 183 |
11 Foundation for the electromechanical equipment | p. 189 |
Foundation for the horizontal shaft Pelton turbine | p. 189 |
Foundation for the vertical shaft Pelton turbine | p. 197 |
Foundation for the Michell-Banki turbine | p. 207 |
Foundation for the axial turbine with a vertical shaft | p. 209 |
12 Assembly of the turbine and generator | p. 219 |
Assembly of the horizontal shaft Pelton turbine with two jets | p. 219 |
Assembly of the vertical shaft Pelton turbine with three jets | p. 225 |
Assembly of the Michell-Banki turbine | p. 228 |
Assembly of the axial turbine | p. 230 |
Cable connections | p. 232 |
13 Tailrace channel | p. 235 |
Design of the tailrace channel | p. 235 |
Construction process | p. 236 |
Technical specifications | p. 237 |
14 Commissioning | p. 239 |
Hydraulic tests on civil works | p. 239 |
Protocol for operating tests of the electromechanical equipment in the powerhouse | p. 243 |
Acceptance certificate | p. 244 |
15 Staff training | p. 247 |
Basic knowledge | p. 247 |
Training in the operation of the hydroelectric system | p. 248 |
Basic preventive maintenance of the hydroelectric power system | p. 248 |
Additional specialized training | p. 248 |
References and bibliography | p. 249 |
Annexes | |
Example 1 Calculation of a mixed-intake | p. 251 |
Example 2 Calculation of a Tyrolean type intake | p. 277 |
Example 3 Calculation of the spillway for the headrace channel | p. 282 |
Example 4 Calculations for a coarse settling basin | p. 284 |
Example 5 Calculatons for an open channel | p. 288 |
Example 6 Calculation of an enclosed channel (pipe channel) | p. 292 |
Example 7 Calculations for the silt basin | p. 293 |
Example 8 Calculations for the forebay tank | p. 297 |
Example 9 Calculations for the PVC penstock | p. 301 |
Example 10 Design of the RU PVC and steel pipe | p. 308 |
Example 11 Calculation of props or supports | p. 316 |
Example 12 Calculations for the anchor | p. 326 |
Example 13 Calculation of the foundation of a horizontal shaft Pelton turbine and generator | p. 345 |
Example 14 Calculation of the foundation for a vertical shaft Pelton turbine and generator | p. 349 |
Example 15 Non-contact hydraulic seals for small micro and mini hydro turbines | p. 354 |