Soil quality standards for trace elements : derivation, implementation, and interpretation

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Title:

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, c2011

Physical Description:

xx, 159 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.

ISBN:

9781439830239

Abstract:

"A comprehensive, practical, and state of the science overview, this book addresses the derivation of soil standards for trace elements and the implementation of these standards within regulatory and risk assessment frameworks. It provides a clear description of how to derive and implement soil quality standards for trace elements in order to assess human and environmental risks. The text covers scientific developments useful for resolving discrepancies in the setting and implementation of soil quality standards. It provides useful tips, do's and don'ts on how to deal with specific issues as variation of the natural background and how to deal with soil type dependent toxicity"--Provided by publisher.

Subject Term:

Soils -- Trace element content

Soils -- Quality

Soils -- Standards

Trace elements

Added Author:

Merrington, Graham, 1968-

Schoeters, Ilse

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010289695	S592.6.T7 S65 2011	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

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Summary

A comprehensive and practical overview of the state of the science, Soil Quality Standards for Trace Elements: Derivation, Implementation, and Interpretation addresses the derivation of soil quality standards for trace elements and the implementation of these standards within regulatory and risk assessment frameworks. Forty experts from 11 countries across Europe, Asia, and North America--a multidisciplinary group of government policy makers and regulators, academics, industry representatives, and consultants--provide a focused discussion on the science and methods underpinning the derivation of soil quality standards for trace elements.

Outlines the supporting science for setting environmental and human health standards Covers the application and practical use of soil quality standards for trace elements Contains recommendations on the development and use of soil quality standards for trace elements Identifies best practices in accounting for (bio)availability and exposure modelling in standard setting for soils

The book provides a clear description of how to derive and implement soil quality standards for trace elements in order to assess human and environmental risks. It covers scientific developments useful for resolving discrepancies in the setting and implementation of soil quality standards. It provides useful tips, including do's, and don'ts on how to deal with issues such as variation of the natural background and soil type dependent toxicity.

Author Notes

Graham Merrington, Ilse Schoeters

Graham Merrington and Ilse SchoetersMike J. McLaughlin and Steve Lofts and Michael St. J. Warne and Monica J.B. Amorim and Anne Fairbrother and Roman Lanno and William Hendershot and Chris E. Schlekat and Yibing Ma and Graeme I. PatonBeverley Hale and Nick Basta and Craig Boreiko and Teresa Bowers and Betty Locey and Michael Moore and Maiylène Moutier and Leonard Ritter and Erik Smolders and Ilse Schoeters and Shu TaoGraham Merrington and Ilse Schoeters and Michael St. J. Warne and Beverley Hale and Victor Dries and Co Molenaar and Jaana Sorvari and Jussi Reinikainen and Seung-Woo Jeong and Chris Oates and Gladys Stephenson and Lucia Buvé and John Chapman and Diane Heemsbergen and Randy Wentsel and Andreas Bieber and Wang GuoqingGraham Merrington and Ilse Schoeters and Michael St. J. Warne and Beverley Hale and Mike J. McLaughlin

List of Figures	p. xi
List of Tables	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
About the Editors	p. xvii
Workshop Participants	p. xix
Chapter 1 Workshop on Deriving, Implementing, and Interpreting Soil Quality Standards for Trace Elements	p. 1
1.1 Introduction to the Workshop	p. 1
1.2 Deriving, Implementing, and Interpreting SQS for TEs	p. 3
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Meeting	p. 5
References	p. 5
Chapter 2 Derivation of Ecologically Based Soil Standards for Trace Elements	p. 7
2.1 Introduction	p. 7
2.2 Soil Factors Affecting Effective Dose	p. 7
2.2.1 Background Concentrations	p. 7
2.2.2 How Soils Affect the Availability and Toxicity of Added TEs	p. 12
2.3 Conceptual Model of the Soil-Organism System	p. 13
2.4 Implications for Setting Soil Quality Standards	p. 15
2.5 Models of TE Uptake and Toxicity to Soil Organisms	p. 16
2.6 Mechanistic Models	p. 17
2.6.1 The Free Ion Activity Model and Biotic Ligand Model	p. 17
2.6.2 Models Using Adsorption Isotherms	p. 22
2.6.3 The Free Ion Approach	p. 22
2.7 Empirical Toxicity Models	p. 23
2.8 Direct Measurement of TE Pools	p. 26
2.9 Consideration of Modifying Soil Factors in Soil Quality Standards	p. 30
2.9.1 Differences between Laboratory and Field Conditions in Ecotoxicity Studies	p. 33
2.10 Effects of Spiking Soils with Soluble TE Salts on Soil Solution Chemistry and Toxicity Measurements	p. 34
2.11 Minimizing Spiking-Induced Artifacts in the Laboratory	p. 36
2.12 Correction Factors for Existing Toxicity Data	p. 37
2.13 Recommended "Best Practice" TE Dosing in Laboratory Ecotoxicity Experiments	p. 38
2.14 Biotic Factors Affecting Organism Response to TE Dose	p. 39
2.14.1 Quantity and Quality of the Ecotoxicological Data	p. 40
2.14.2 Minimum Number of Ecotoxicity Data Points	p. 43
2.14.3 Taxonomic Diversity Needed	p. 43
2.14.4 Selection of Species	p. 44
2.14.4.1 Use of Microbial Ecotoxicological Data for Development of SQS	p. 46
2.14.5 Appropriateness of Toxicity Endpoints	p. 50
2.14.6 Type of Ecotoxicity Data	p. 51
2.14.7 Use of Acute and Chronic Data	p. 52
2.14.8 Dealing with Multiple Toxicity Data for Species	p. 53
2.14.9 Choice of Distribution for SSD	p. 54
2.14.10 Level of Protection to be Provided	p. 55
2.14.11 Acclimation and Adaptation	p. 56
2.14.12 Mixture Considerations	p. 56
2.14.13 Secondary Poisoning	p. 61
2.15 Conclusions	p. 63
2.15.1 Modeling	p. 63
2.15.2 Measurement	p. 65
References	p. 66
Chapter 3 Variation in Soil Quality Criteria for Trace Elements to Protect Human Health: Exposure and Effects Estimation	p. 81
3.1 Introduction	p. 81
3.2 Exposure Characterization	p. 82
3.2.1 Background Exposure	p. 82
3.2.2 Comparison among Jurisdictions	p. 82
3.2.3 Proportion of Total Exposure Allocated to Background	p. 83
3.3 Inhalation	p. 85
3.3.1 Particle Size Domain	p. 86
3.3.2 Particle Deposition	p. 86
3.3.3 Toxicity	p. 88
3.4 Soil Ingestion	p. 89
3.4.1 Recommended Soil Ingestion Values for Children Based on Tracer Studies	p. 91
3.4.2 Recommended Soil Ingestion Values for Adults Based on Tracer Studies	p. 93
3.5 Food Chain Exposure	p. 94
3.5.1 Land Use Scenarios: The Issue of Selecting Appropriate Background Exposure	p. 95
3.5.2 Dietary Preferences	p. 95
3.5.3 Soil-Plant Transfer	p. 96
3.5.4 Soil-Crop-Animal and Soil-Animal Transfer	p. 98
3.6 Statistical Characterization of Exposure	p. 98
3.6.1 Probabilistic versus Deterministic Assessments	p. 99
3.6.2 Uncertainty Factors	p. 100
3.7 Essential TEs	p. 101
3.7.1 Homeostasis and the Setting of SQSs	p. 102
3.7.2 Dose-Response Relationships for Essential Elements	p. 103
3.7.3 Interaction of Essential and Nonessential TEs	p. 104
3.8 Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility	p. 105
3.8.1 Use of In Vitro Gastrointestinal Methods to Estimate TE Bioavailability	p. 108
3.9 Effects of Characterization	p. 110
3.9.1 Benchmark Dose versus NOAEL/LOAEL	p. 110
3.9.2 Bridging Ambient Exposure to Literature Doses	p. 111
3.9.3 Sensitive Subpopulations	p. 113
3.9.3.1 Children Subpopulations	p. 113
3.9.3.2 Adult Subpopulations	p. 114
3.10 Summary and Conclusions	p. 114
References	p. 116
Chapter 4 Implementation and Use of Terrestrial Standards for Trace Elements	p. 123
4.1 Introduction	p. 123
4.2 The Use of Soil Quality Standards	p. 124
4.3 Frameworks for the Implementation and Use of SQSs for TEs	p. 126
4.4 Accounting for Ambient Background Concentrations in the Implementation of TE SQSs	p. 127
4.5 Accounting for (Bio)availability in the Derivation of TE SQSs	p. 130
4.6 Accounting for Mixtures of TEs in Regulatory Frameworks	p. 133
4.7 Monitoring and Assessment	p. 134
4.8 Data Sources	p. 134
4.9 Communication	p. 135
4.10 Conclusions	p. 136
References	p. 136
Chapter 5 Recommendations for the Derivation of Interpretable and Implementable Soil Quality Standards for Trace Elements	p. 141
5.1 Introduction	p. 141
5.2 Soil Quality Standards for TEs and Best Practice	p. 142
References	p. 144
Abbreviations	p. 145
Index	p. 151

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Table of Contents