Air quality assessment and management: a practical guide

Select an Action

Place Hold(s)
Add to My Lists
Email
Print

Title:

Personal Author:

Harrop, D. O.

Publication Information:

New York : Spon Press, 2002

ISBN:

9780415234108

Subject Term:

Air -- Pollution -- Measurement

Air quality -- Measurement

Air quality management

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... SPACE Kulim Library	30000010081912	TD890 H37 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Air Quality Assessment and Management: A Practical Guide describes the techniques available for an assessment while detailing the concepts and methodologies involved. It reviews the principles of air quality management; primary sources of air pollution; impact of emissions on human health, flora and fauna; scoping of air quality impacts; baseline monitoring; impact prediction; impact significance; and pollution mitigation and control. Emphasis will be placed on the practical side of AQA, with numerous international case studies and exercises to aid the reader in their understanding of concepts and applications.

Author Notes

D. Owen Harrop, Cordah Limited, UK

Preface	p. xiii
Dedication	p. xv
Acknowledgements	p. xvi
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Air pollution - a concern	p. 1
1.3 Book format	p. 4
2 Air Pollution Sources and Types	p. 5
2.1 Introduction	p. 5
2.2 Composition of the atmosphere	p. 5
2.3 Air pollution sources	p. 6
2.4 Types of pollutants and their sources	p. 9
2.4.1 Carcinogenic pollutants	p. 12
2.4.2 Carbon monoxide	p. 14
2.4.3 Carbon dioxide	p. 16
2.4.4 Lead	p. 16
2.4.5 Nitrogen dioxide	p. 17
2.4.6 Ozone	p. 19
2.4.7 Particulates	p. 22
2.4.8 Sulphur dioxide	p. 23
2.4.9 Dioxins and furans	p. 26
2.4.10 Other pollutants	p. 30
2.5 Trends in air quality	p. 32
2.5.1 Carbon monoxide	p. 32
2.5.2 Lead	p. 32
2.5.3 Nitrogen dioxide	p. 33
2.5.4 Sulphur dioxide	p. 33
2.5.5 Carbon dioxide	p. 34
2.5.6 Ozone	p. 35
2.6 Indoor air pollution	p. 36
2.6.1 Smoking	p. 41
3 Effects of Air Pollution	p. 43
3.1 Introduction	p. 43
3.2 Human health	p. 43
3.2.1 Smogs and air pollution episodes	p. 44
3.2.2 Assessing health effects	p. 48
3.2.3 Asthma	p. 51
3.2.4 Health effects of specific air pollutants	p. 51
3.3 Flora	p. 60
3.4 Fauna	p. 62
3.5 Ecosystems	p. 63
3.6 Materials	p. 64
3.7 Visibility (particle haze)	p. 66
3.7.1 Visual range	p. 67
3.8 Strategic air quality issues	p. 68
3.8.1 Acid rain	p. 68
3.8.2 Ozone depletion	p. 71
3.8.3 Greenhouse effect	p. 72
4 Emission Inventories	p. 79
4.1 Introduction	p. 79
4.2 The purpose of emission inventories	p. 80
4.3 Atmospheric emission inventory initiatives	p. 81
4.4 Types of emission release and sources	p. 84
4.4.1 Industrial emissions	p. 85
4.4.2 Domestic emissions	p. 88
4.4.3 Agricultural emissions	p. 88
4.4.4 Motor vehicle emissions	p. 89
4.4.5 Aircraft emissions	p. 92
4.5 Information requirements	p. 92
4.6 Examples of national emission inventories	p. 95
4.6.1 UK national atmospheric emissions inventory	p. 96
4.6.2 European emission inventories	p. 97
4.6.3 Canadian national emission inventory	p. 98
4.6.4 US national emission inventory	p. 99
4.7 Transboundary emissions	p. 100
4.7.1 Terrestrial	p. 100
4.7.2 Marine	p. 103
4.8 Pollution emission trends	p. 105
4.9 Exercise	p. 107
5 Air Pollution Monitoring	p. 109
5.1 Introduction	p. 109
5.2 Forms of monitoring	p. 109
5.3 Site selection	p. 109
5.4 Monitoring strategies	p. 111
5.5 Monitoring standards and accreditation	p. 113
5.6 Monitoring methods and techniques	p. 113
5.6.1 Methods of measurement	p. 114
5.6.2 Measurement techniques	p. 118
5.6.3 Particulate measurement	p. 120
5.6.4 Carbon monoxide	p. 126
5.6.5 Sulphur dioxide	p. 126
5.6.6 Oxides of nitrogen	p. 127
5.6.7 Ozone	p. 128
5.6.8 Volatile organic compounds	p. 128
5.6.9 Lead	p. 129
5.7 Odour measurement	p. 129
5.8 Other equipment	p. 130
5.9 Monitoring networks	p. 130
5.9.1 Gems	p. 130
5.9.2 National and municipal air quality monitoring networks	p. 134
5.10 Source monitoring	p. 140
5.10.1 Point source monitoring	p. 140
5.10.2 Mobile sources	p. 144
6 Impact Prediction	p. 147
6.1 Introduction	p. 147
6.2 Mechanisms for dispersion	p. 147
6.2.1 Wind speed and direction	p. 148
6.2.2 Atmospheric turbulence	p. 150
6.2.3 Temperature inversions	p. 153
6.2.4 Topography	p. 153
6.2.5 Plume formation	p. 155
6.3 Air dispersion modelling	p. 156
6.3.1 What is a model?	p. 158
6.4 Model characteristics	p. 160
6.4.1 Time and space scales	p. 160
6.4.2 Frame of reference	p. 160
6.4.3 Pollutants and reaction mechanisms	p. 161
6.4.4 Treatment of turbulence	p. 161
6.4.5 Topography	p. 161
6.4.6 Plume additivity (treatment of multiple sources)	p. 161
6.4.7 Model accuracy and limitations	p. 162
6.5 Data requirements	p. 164
6.6 Air dispersion modelling procedures	p. 165
6.7 Stack height determination	p. 165
6.8 Plume rise	p. 168
6.9 Gaussian modelling	p. 171
6.9.1 Extrapolating time average concentrations	p. 174
6.10 Box models	p. 174
6.11 Linear models	p. 175
6.12 Physical models	p. 175
6.13 Types of air dispersion models	p. 176
6.14 Exercise	p. 179
7 Impact Significance and Legislation	p. 183
7.1 Introduction	p. 183
7.2 Impact significance	p. 183
7.2.1 EU air quality standards	p. 185
7.2.2 World Health Organisation air quality guidelines	p. 188
7.2.3 National air quality standards	p. 191
7.2.4 Derived air quality standards	p. 193
7.3 Air pollution indices	p. 195
7.4 Risk assessment	p. 200
7.5 Nuisance	p. 203
7.5.1 Particulates	p. 204
7.5.2 Odour	p. 205
7.5.3 Visibility	p. 210
7.6 Flora	p. 211
7.7 Indoor air pollution	p. 213
7.8 Pollution episodes	p. 213
7.9 Air pollution legislation	p. 215
7.9.1 Greenhouse gases	p. 216
7.9.2 Ozone layer	p. 216
7.9.3 International conventions	p. 218
7.9.4 European Union	p. 219
7.9.5 World Health Organisation	p. 223
7.10 National air pollution control regimes	p. 223
7.10.1 UK air pollution control regime	p. 223
7.10.2 US air pollution control regime	p. 226
7.10.3 Japanese air pollution control regime	p. 227
7.10.4 Singaporean air pollution control regime	p. 228
7.10.5 People's Republic of China legislative system	p. 228
7.11 Public awareness	p. 228
8 Mitigation, Control and Management	p. 231
8.1 Introduction	p. 231
8.2 What is mitigation and control?	p. 231
8.3 Control of fugitive emissions	p. 232
8.3.1 Fugitive dust control	p. 232
8.3.2 Fugitive gaseous control	p. 234
8.3.3 Visual inspections	p. 235
8.4 Techniques for the control of gaseous emissions	p. 237
8.4.1 General abatement techniques	p. 237
8.4.2 Control of oxides of nitrogen	p. 244
8.4.3 Control of sulphur dioxide	p. 244
8.4.4 Odour control	p. 245
8.4.5 Control of dioxin emissions	p. 247
8.5 Techniques for the control of particulate emissions	p. 249
8.5.1 Gravity settler	p. 249
8.5.2 Cyclone	p. 250
8.5.3 Fabric or bag filters	p. 251
8.5.4 Electrostatic precipitators	p. 251
8.5.5 Wet scrubber	p. 253
8.5.6 Equipment selection	p. 253
8.6 Control of emissions from agricultural practices	p. 256
8.7 Flaring	p. 256
8.8 Control of emissions from motor vehicles	p. 257
8.9 Cost effectiveness	p. 259
8.10 Air quality management	p. 261
8.10.1 AQM process	p. 263
8.10.2 Air quality management in the UK	p. 264
8.10.3 Designation of air quality management areas	p. 265
8.10.4 Air quality action plans	p. 266
9 Site Inspection and Project Management	p. 269
9.1 Introduction	p. 269
9.2 Process inspection	p. 269
9.2.1 Presentation to management	p. 269
9.2.2 Orientation tour	p. 270
9.2.3 Techniques	p. 270
9.2.4 Verification techniques	p. 273
9.2.5 Inspection findings	p. 273
9.2.6 Close out meeting	p. 273
9.3 Project management	p. 274
9.3.1 Report writing	p. 276
9.3.2 Financial control	p. 277
10 Case Studies	p. 279
10.1 Introduction	p. 279
10.2 Case Study 1 - Screening air quality monitoring study	p. 280
10.3 Case Study 2 - Indoor air quality health assessment	p. 282
10.4 Case Study 3 - Emission inventory	p. 283
10.5 Case Study 4 - Baseline air quality monitoring study	p. 289
10.5.1 Sulphur dioxide and smoke	p. 289
10.5.2 Nitrogen dioxide	p. 291
10.5.3 Monitoring	p. 294
10.6 Case Study 5 - Air dispersion modelling study	p. 294
10.7 Case Study 6 - Quantitative health risk assessment	p. 295
10.8 Case Study 7 - Air quality management	p. 299
10.8.1 Screening study	p. 306
10.8.2 Long-term calculations	p. 309
10.8.3 Areas of expected exceedences of air quality objectives	p. 311
10.9 Case Study 8 - Emission control	p. 311
10.10 Case Study 9 - Spireslack open cast coal site	p. 312
10.10.1 Method of assessment	p. 313
10.10.2 Baseline air quality and meteorological conditions	p. 313
10.10.3 The proposed development	p. 315
10.10.4 Potential emissions	p. 316
10.10.5 Mitigation measures	p. 319
10.10.6 Environmental consequences	p. 319
10.11 Case Study 10 - Power station air dispersion modelling study	p. 320
10.11.1 Meteorological data	p. 320
10.11.2 Modelling parameters	p. 322
10.11.3 Modelling results	p. 322
10.11.4 Assessment of predicted concentrations	p. 323
10.11.5 Comparison of predicted deposition levels with critical load levels	p. 324
10.11.6 Environmental consequences	p. 324
10.12 Case Study 11 - Widening of the Tolo/Fanling highway between the Island House Interchange and Fanling (Hong Kong), People's Republic of China	p. 324
10.12.1 Description of study area	p. 325
10.12.2 Construction phase air quality impacts	p. 329
10.12.3 Operational phase air quality impacts	p. 330
10.12.4 Environmental consequences	p. 332
10.13 Case Study 12 - Emission inventory of VOCs	p. 332
10.14 Case Study 13 - Assessment of air quality data	p. 334
10.15 Case Study 14 - A comparison of model predictions and baseline monitoring data	p. 337
Epilogue	p. 341
Appendix	p. 343
A1 Terminology	p. 343
A2 Pollutants	p. 346
A3 Units	p. 349
A4 Annotations	p. 350
A5 Useful contact details	p. 352
A.5.1 National environmental agencies	p. 352
A.5.2 International institutions	p. 353
A6 Conversion tables	p. 353
References	p. 357
Country index	p. 377
Subject index	p. 379

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents