Energy science : principles, technologies and impacts

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Title:

Personal Author:

Andrews, John

Publication Information:

Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press, 2007

ISBN:

9780199281121

Subject Term:

Power resources

Added Author:

Jelley, N. A. (Nicholas Alfred), 1946-

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010138599	TJ163.2 A52 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Do renewable energy sources really provide a realistic alternative to fossil fuels? How does wind power compare to nuclear power, in terms of the energy it can generate? How do we get energy from the tides, and is it really a useful source of power? Energy Science: Principles, Technologies, and Impacts integrates the science behind the key energy sources that are at our disposal today with the socioeconomic issues which surround their use to give a balanced, objective overview of the range of energy sources available to us today. Covering both traditional and renewable energy sources, the book encourages the reader to evaluate different energy sources on the basis of sound quantitative understanding. It also explores the fundamentals of energy generation, storage and transmission, to build a complete picture of energy supply, from wind turbine, nuclear reactor, or hydroelectric dam, to our homes. Different energy sources have different social and economic impacts; the book uses examples and case studies throughout to help the reader critically assess the information to hand and reach a well-rounded, informed view of the relative merits and drawbacks of the energy sources available. Problems with current and future energy use and supply extend globally; Energy Science: Principles, Technologies, and Impacts introduces the potential solutions that science can offer, within a framework that encourages the critical assessment of the pros and cons of each. Online resource centre: The Online Resource Centre features: For lecturers: Figures from the book available to download, to facilitate lecture preparation Solutions to end of chapter questions, to aid marking and assessment For students: Library of web links, giving students quick access to an extensive range of additional resources

Author Notes

Dr John Andrews is currently a Visiting Fellow at Bristol University where he lectures in physics and applied mathematics; until recently he also lectured at Nottingham and Oxford Universities. His main research interest is in mathematical modelling of industrial process. Before returning to the academic world, he spent 30 years in the electricity supply industry, where he was involved in research activities related to conventional, nuclear and alternative energy technologies. He has lectured on Energy Studies at Bristol and Oxford Universities.Nick Jelley is a Professor at the University of Oxford and Fellow of Lincoln College, where he has taught physics and carried out research in nuclear and particle physics for the last 25 years. His current research is on solar neutrinos with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Ontario, Canada, for which he is UK co-spokesperson. He has written a textbook on Nuclear Physics and is presently lecturing on Energy Studies.

Acknowledgement of sources	p. xiv
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 A brief history of energy technology	p. 1
1.2 Global energy trends	p. 8
1.3 Global warming and the greenhouse effect	p. 10
1.4 Units and dimensional analysis	p. 13
Summary	p. 15
Further Reading	p. 15
Web Links	p. 15
Exercises	p. 16
2 Thermal energy	p. 18
2.1 Heat and temperature	p. 18
2.2 Heat transfer	p. 19
2.3 First law of thermodynamics and the efficiency of a thermal power plant	p. 24
2.4 Closed cycle for a steam power plant	p. 24
2.5 Useful thermodynamic quantities	p. 27
2.6 Thermal properties of water and steam	p. 29
2.7 Disadvantages of a Carnot cycle for a steam power plant	p. 32
2.8 Rankine cycle for steam power plants	p. 33
2.9 Gas turbines and the Brayton (or Joule) cycle	p. 36
2.10 Combined cycle gas turbine	p. 38
2.11 Fossil fuels and combustion	p. 39
2.12 Fluidized beds	p. 41
2.13 Carbon sequestration	p. 41
2.14 Geothermal energy	p. 42
Summary	p. 47
Further Reading	p. 49
Web Links	p. 49
List of Main Symbols	p. 49
Exercises	p. 50
3 Essential fluid mechanics for energy conversion	p. 53
3.1 Basic physical properties of fluids	p. 53
3.2 Streamlines and stream-tubes	p. 54
3.3 Mass continuity	p. 54
3.4 Energy conservation in an ideal fluid: Bernoulli's equation	p. 55
3.5 Dynamics of a viscous fluid	p. 58
3.6 Lift and circulation	p. 62
3.7 Euler's turbine equation	p. 65
Summary	p. 66
Further Reading	p. 67
List of Main Symbols	p. 68
Exercises	p. 68
4 Hydropower, tidal power, and wave power	p. 70
4.1 Hydropower	p. 71
4.2 Power output from a dam	p. 72
4.3 Measurement of volume flow rate using a weir	p. 73
4.4 Water turbines	p. 74
4.5 Impact, economics, and prospects of hydropower	p. 79
4.6 Tides	p. 80
4.7 Tidal power	p. 84
4.8 Power from a tidal barrage	p. 84
4.9 Tidal resonance	p. 85
4.10 Kinetic energy of tidal currents	p. 86
4.11 Ecological and environmental impact of tidal barrages	p. 87
4.12 Economics and prospects for tidal power	p. 87
4.13 Wave energy	p. 88
4.14 Wave power devices	p. 90
4.15 Environmental impact, economics, and prospects of wave power	p. 95
Summary	p. 95
Further Reading	p. 96
Web Links	p. 97
List of Main Symbols	p. 97
Exercises	p. 97
5 Wind power	p. 99
5.1 Source of wind energy	p. 99
5.2 Global wind patterns	p. 100
5.3 Modern wind turbines	p. 103
5.4 Kinetic energy of wind	p. 104
5.5 Principles of a horizontal-axis wind turbine	p. 105
5.6 Wind turbine blade design	p. 107
5.7 Dependence of the power coefficient C[subscript p] on the tip-speed ratio [lambda]	p. 111
5.8 Design of a modern horizontal-axis wind turbine	p. 114
5.9 Turbine control and operation	p. 117
5.10 Wind characteristics	p. 118
5.11 Power output of a wind turbine	p. 121
5.12 Wind farms	p. 122
5.13 Environmental impact and public acceptance	p. 122
5.14 Economics of wind power	p. 125
5.15 Outlook	p. 126
5.16 Conclusion	p. 129
Summary	p. 129
Further Reading	p. 130
Web Links	p. 130
List of Main Symbols	p. 130
Exercises	p. 130
6 Solar energy	p. 134
6.1 The solar spectrum	p. 135
6.2 Semiconductors	p. 136
6.3 p-n junction	p. 138
6.4 Solar photocells	p. 141
6.5 Efficiency of solar cells	p. 143
6.6 Commercial solar cells	p. 148
6.7 Developing technologies	p. 155
6.8 Solar panels	p. 160
6.9 Economics of photovoltaics (PV)	p. 161
6.10 Environmental impact of photovoltaics	p. 163
6.11 Outlook for photovoltaics	p. 164
6.12 Solar thermal power plants	p. 164
Summary	p. 170
Further Reading	p. 171
Web Links	p. 171
List of Main Symbols	p. 171
Exercises	p. 172
7 Biomass	p. 175
7.1 Photosynthesis and crop yields	p. 175
7.2 Biomass potential and use	p. 179
7.3 Biomass energy production	p. 180
7.4 Environmental impact of biomass	p. 194
7.5 Economics and potential of biomass	p. 195
7.6 Outlook	p. 197
Summary	p. 197
Further Reading	p. 198
Web Links	p. 198
List of Main Symbols	p. 198
Exercises	p. 198
8 Energy from fission	p. 200
8.1 Binding energy and stability of nuclei	p. 201
8.2 Fission	p. 205
8.3 Thermal reactors	p. 212
8.4 Thermal reactor designs	p. 219
8.5 Fast reactors	p. 228
8.6 Present-day nuclear reactors	p. 230
8.7 Safety of nuclear power	p. 233
8.8 Economics of nuclear power	p. 234
8.9 Environmental impact of nuclear power	p. 235
8.10 Public opinion on nuclear power	p. 236
8.11 Outlook for nuclear power	p. 237
Summary	p. 239
Further Reading	p. 240
Web Links	p. 240
List of Main Symbols	p. 240
Exercises	p. 240
9 Energy from fusion	p. 244
9.1 Magnetic confinement	p. 245
9.2 D-T fusion reactor	p. 246
9.3 Performance of tokamaks	p. 251
9.4 Plasmas	p. 251
9.5 Charged particle motion in E and B fields	p. 253
9.6 Tokamaks	p. 257
9.7 Plasma confinement	p. 258
9.8 Divertor tokamaks	p. 264
9.9 Outlook for controlled fusion	p. 266
Summary	p. 271
Further Reading	p. 272
Web Links	p. 272
List of Main Symbols	p. 272
Exercises	p. 272
10 Generation and transmission of electricity, energy storage, and fuel cells	p. 274
10.1 Generation of electricity	p. 274
10.2 High voltage power transmission	p. 278
10.3 Transformers	p. 280
10.4 High voltage direct current transmission	p. 281
10.5 Electricity grids	p. 282
10.6 Energy storage	p. 282
10.7 Pumped storage	p. 283
10.8 Compressed air energy storage	p. 284
10.9 Flywheels	p. 285
10.10 Superconducting magnetic energy storage	p. 286
10.11 Batteries	p. 286
10.12 Fuel cells	p. 287
10.13 Storage and production of hydrogen	p. 288
10.14 Outlook for fuel cells	p. 292
Summary	p. 292
Web Links	p. 293
List of Main Symbols	p. 293
Exercises	p. 294
11 Energy and society	p. 295
11.1 Environmental impact of energy production	p. 295
11.2 Economics of energy production	p. 299
11.3 Cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment	p. 304
11.4 Designing safe systems	p. 306
11.5 Carbon abatement policies	p. 308
11.6 Stabilization wedges for limiting CO[subscript 2] emissions	p. 309
11.7 Conclusions	p. 312
Summary	p. 313
Further Reading	p. 313
Web Links	p. 314
Exercises	p. 314
Numerical answers to exercises	p. 316
Index	p. 319

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