Engineering thermodynamics of thermal radiation for solar power utilization

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Complete coverage of the thermodynamics of radiation matter for solar energy utilization

This comprehensive guide reviews the fundamentals of the thermodynamics of radiation matter--photon gas. The book introduces the exergy of radiation through the most advanced thermodynamic analysis of the solar power processes involving radiation.

Engineering Thermodynamics of Thermal Radiation: For Solar Power Utilization provides, for the first time, an exhaustive discussion on energy and exergy analysis of radiation processes. Extensive details on the exergy of radiation are developed for evaluation of the practical uses of radiation. This volume contains quantitative calculation examples for solar heating, a solar chimney power plant, photosynthesis, and photovoltaic technology. Addressed to researchers, designers, and users of different solar installations, the book also has the potential to inspire the development of new applications of radiation exergy.

Coverage includes:

Definitions and laws of substance and radiation Laws of thermodynamic analysis, including energy and exergy analysis Thermodynamic properties of photon gas Exergy of emission and arbitrary radiation flux Energy, entropy, and exergy radiation spectra of surfaces Thermodynamic analysis of heat from the sun, a solar chimney power plant, photosynthesis, and the photovoltaic

Author Notes

Richard (Ryszard) Petela, D.Sc., Ph.D., is president of the Technology Scientific Ltd. He has researched and lectured courses in engineering thermodynamics, energy conversion processes, heat and mass transfer, combustion, and fuel technology. Dr Petela is the associate editor for the Journal of Solar Energy.

Preface	p. xv
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Objective and Scope of This Book	p. 1
1.2 General Thermodynamic Definitions	p. 5
2 Definitions and Laws of Substance	p. 9
2.1 Equation of State	p. 9
2.2 State Parameters of Substance	p. 11
2.2.1 Pressure	p. 11
2.2.2 Temperature	p. 12
2.3 Energy of Substance	p. 14
2.4 Energy Transfer	p. 16
2.4.1 Work	p. 16
2.4.2 Heat	p. 17
2.5 Entropy of Substance	p. 19
2.6 Exergy of Substance	p. 20
2.6.1 Traditional Exergy	p. 20
2.6.2 Gravitational Interpretation of Exergy	p. 23
2.6.3 Exergy Annihilation Law	p. 28
2.6.4 Exergy Transfer During Heat and Work	p. 31
2.7 Chemical Exergy of Substance	p. 31
Nomenclature for Chapter 2	p. 33
3 Definitions and Laws of Radiation	p. 37
3.1 Radiation Source	p. 37
3.2 Radiant Properties of Surfaces	p. 39
3.3 Definitions of the Radiation of Surfaces	p. 41
3.4 Planck's Law	p. 43
3.5 Wien's Displacement Law	p. 47
3.6 Stefan-Boltzmann Law	p. 48
3.7 Lambert's Cosine Law	p. 50
3.8 Kirchhoff's Law	p. 53
Nomenclature for Chapter 3	p. 55
4 The Laws of Thermodynamic Analysis	p. 57
4.1 Outline of Thermodynamic Analysis	p. 57
4.1.1 Significance of Thermodynamic Analysis	p. 57
4.1.2 General Remarks and Definition of the Considered Systems	p. 59
4.2 Substance and Mass Conservation	p. 60
4.3 Energy Conservation Law	p. 62
4.3.1 Energy Balance Equations	p. 62
4.3.2 Components of the Energy Balance Equation	p. 64
4.4 Entropy Growth	p. 66
4.5 Exergy Balance Equation	p. 68
4.5.1 Traditional Exergy Balance	p. 68
4.5.2 Components of the Traditional Exergy Balance Equation	p. 70
4.5.3 Exergy Balance at Varying Environment Parameters	p. 71
4.5.4 Exergy Balance with Gravity Input	p. 73
4.6 Process Efficiency	p. 79
4.6.1 Carnot Efficiency	p. 79
4.6.2 Perfection Degree of Process	p. 84
4.6.3 Specific Efficiencies	p. 86
4.6.4 Remarks on the Efficiency of Radiation Conversion	p. 87
4.6.5 Consumption Indices	p. 87
4.7 Method of Reconciliation of the Measurement Data	p. 89
Nomenclature for Chapter 4	p. 94
5 Thermodynamic Properties of Photon Gas	p. 97
5.1 Nature of Photon Gas	p. 97
5.2 Temperature of Photon Gas	p. 101
5.3 Energy of Photon Gas	p. 105
5.4 Pressure of Photon Gas	p. 106
5.5 Entropy of Photon Gas	p. 112
5.6 Isentropic Process of Photon Gas	p. 113
5.7 Exergy of Photon Gas	p. 113
5.8 Mixing Photon Gases	p. 116
5.9 Analogies Between Substance and Photon Gases	p. 117
Nomenclature for Chapter 5	p. 122
6 Exergy of Emission	p. 125
6.1 Basic Explanations	p. 125
6.2 Derivation of the Emission Exergy Formula	p. 126
6.3 Analysis of the Formula of the Exergy of Emission	p. 129
6.4 Efficiency of Radiation Processes	p. 132
6.4.1 Radiationrto-Work Conversion	p. 132
6.4.2 Radiation-to-Heat Conversion	p. 136
6.4.3 Other Processes Driven by Radiation	p. 139
6.5 Irreversibility of Radiative Heat Transfer	p. 140
6.6 Irreversibility of Emission and Absorption of Radiation	p. 143
6.7 Influence of Surroundings on the Radiation Exergy	p. 146
6.7.1 Emissivity of the Environment	p. 146
6.7.2 Configuration of Surroundings	p. 147
6.7.3 Presence of Other Surfaces	p. 149
6.8 "Cold" Radiation	p. 151
6.9 Radiation Exergy at Varying Environmental Temperatures	p. 153
6.10 Radiation of Surface of Nonuniform Temperature	p. 160
6.10.1 Emission Exergy at Continuous Surface Temperature Distribution	p. 160
6.10.2 Effective Temperature of a Nonisothermal Surface	p. 161
Nomenclature for Chapter 6	p. 165
7 Radiation Flux	p. 167
7.1 Energy of Radiation Flux	p. 167
7.2 Entropy of Radiation Flux	p. 171
7.2.1 Entropy of the Monochromatic Intensity of Radiation	p. 171
7.2.2 Entropy of Emission from a Black Surface	p. 172
7.2.3 Entropy of Arbitrary Radiosity	p. 173
7.3 Exergy of Radiation Flux	p. 175
7.3.1 Arbitrary Radiation	p. 175
7.3.2 Polarized Radiation	p. 178
7.3.3 Nonpolarized Radiation	p. 178
7.3.4 Nonpolarized and Uniform Radiation	p. 179
7.3.5 Nonpolarized, Uniform Radiation in a Solid Angle 2¿	p. 179
7.3.6 Nonpolarized, Black, Uniform Radiation in a Solid Angle 2¿	p. 181
7.3.7 Nonpolarized, Black, Uniform Radiation Within a Solid Angle ¿	p. 181
7.4 Propagation of Radiation	p. 182
7.4.1 Propagation in a Vacuum	p. 182
7.4.2 Some Remarks on Propagation in a Real Medium	p. 185
7.5 Radiation Exergy Exchange Between Surfaces	p. 187
7.5.1 View Factor	p. 187
7.5.2 Emission Exergy Exchange Between Two Black Surfaces	p. 194
7.5.3 Exergy Exchange Between Two Gray Surfaces	p. 196
7.6 Exergy of Solar Radiation	p. 208
7.6.1 Significance of Solar Radiation	p. 208
7.6.2 Possibility of Concentration of Solar Radiation	p. 211
Nomenclature for Chapter 7	p. 216
8 Radiation Spectra of a Surface	p. 219
8.1 Introductory Remarks	p. 219
8.2 Energy Radiation Spectrum of a Surface	p. 220
8.3 Entropy Radiation Spectrum of a Surface	p. 221
8.4 Radiation Exergy Derived from Exergy Definition	p. 223
8.5 Exergy Radiation Spectrum of a Surface	p. 227
8.5.1 Spectrum of a Black Surface	p. 227
8.5.2 Spectrum of a Gray Surface	p. 233
8.5.3 Exergetic Emissivity	p. 235
8.6 Application of Exergetic Spectra for Exergy Exchange Calculation	p. 239
8.7 Conclusion	p. 243
Nomenclature for Chapter 8	p. 244
9 Discussion of Radiation Exergy Formulae Proposed by Researchers	p. 247
9.1 Polemic Addressees	p. 247
9.2 What Work Represents Exergy?	p. 248
9.3 Is Radiation Matter Heat?	p. 250
9.4 Bejan's Discussion	p. 254
9.5 Discussion by Wright et al.	p. 259
9.6 Other Authors	p. 259
9.7 Summary	p. 261
Nomenclature for Chapter 9	p. 262
10 Thermodynamic Analysis of Heat from the Sun	p. 265
10.1 Introduction	p. 265
10.2 Global Warming Effect	p. 266
10.3 Effect of a Canopy	p. 268
10.4 Evaluation of Solar Radiation Conversion into Heat	p. 272
10.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Solar Cylindrical-Parabolic Cooker	p. 279
10.5.1 Introductory Remarks	p. 279
10.5.2 Description of the SCPC	p. 281
10.5.3 Mathematical Model for Energy Analysis of the SCPC	p. 282
10.5.4 Mathematical Consideration of the Exergy Analysis of an SCPC	p. 285
10.5.5 Conclusion Regarding the Solar Cylindrical-Parabolic Cooker	p. 300
Nomenclature for Chapter 10	p. 300
11 Thermodynamic Analysis of a Solar Chimney Power Plant	p. 303
11.1 Introduction	p. 303
11.2 Description of the Plant as the Thermodynamic Problem	p. 304
11.3 The Main Assumptions for the Simplified Mathematical Model of the SCPP	p. 308
11.4 Energy Analysis	p. 310
11.5 Exergy Analysis	p. 321
11.6 Exergy Analysis Using the Mechanical Exergy Component for a Substance	p. 325
11.7 Trends of Response for the Varying Input Parameters	p. 327
Nomenclature for Chapter 11	p. 330
12 Thermodynamic Analysis of Photosynthesis	p. 333
12.1 Objectives of the Chapter	p. 333
12.2 Simplified Description of Photosynthesis	p. 334
12.3 Some Earlier Work About Photosynthesis	p. 335
12.4 Assumptions Defining the Simplified Mathematical Model of Photosynthesis	p. 336
12.5 Properties of Substance	p. 339
12.5.1 Energy of Substance	p. 339
12.5.2 Entropy of Substance	p. 340
12.5.3 Exergy of Substance	p. 340
12.6 Radiation Properties	p. 341
12.6.1 Energy of Radiation	p. 341
12.6.2 Entropy of Radiation	p. 342
12.6.3 Exergy of Radiation	p. 343
12.7 Balances Equations	p. 344
12.7.1 Mass Conservation Equations	p. 344
12.7.2 Energy Equation	p. 345
12.7.3 Entropy Equation	p. 346
12.7.4 Exergy Equations	p. 346
12.8 Perfection Degrees of Photosynthesis	p. 347
12.9 Some Aspects Inspired by the Example Calculations	p. 349
12.9.1 Trends Responsive to Varying Input Parameters	p. 349
12.9.2 Relation Between the Environment Temperature, Leaf Temperature, and Rate of Sugar Generation	p. 352
12.9.3 Ratio of Vaporized Water and Assimilated Carbon Dioxide Rates	p. 353
12.9.4 Exergy Losses in the Component Processes of Photosynthesis	p. 354
12.9.5 Increased Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Leaf Surroundings	p. 356
12.9.6 Remarks on the Photosynthesis Degree of Perfection	p. 357
12.10 Concluding Remarks	p. 358
Nomenclature for Chapter 12	p. 362
13 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Photovoltaic	p. 365
13.1 Significance of the Photovoltaic	p. 365
13.2 General Description of the Photovoltaic	p. 366
13.3 Simplified Thermodynamic Analysis of a Solar Cell	p. 367
Nomenclature for Chapter 13	p. 371
References	p. 373
Appendix	p. 379
A.l Prefixes to Derive Names of Secondary Units	p. 379
A.2 Typical Constant Values for Radiation and Substance	p. 379
A.3 Application of Mathematics to Some Thermodynamic Relations	p. 380
A.4 Review of Some Radiation Energy Variables	p. 382
A.5 Review of Some Radiation Entropy Variables	p. 384
A.6 Review of Some Radiation Exergy Variables	p. 386
A.7 Exergy of Liquid Water	p. 387
Index	p. 389

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