Polymer science : a textbook

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This book is written for undergraduate and graduate students in chemical engineering and chemistry. Designed to cover all main aspects of the field, it is written with a progressive logic, defining terms and concepts as they are introduced. The book describes and classifies polymers and copolymers, including detailed coverage of their properties. It also examines the types of chain growth and step growth polymerization and copolymerization reactions. Other main topics include polymer characterization techniques, practical experimental practices, industrial processing techniques, and commercially important polymers such as biopolymers, thermoplastics, and conducting polymers.

Author Notes

V.K. Ahluwalia is. visiting professor at Dr. B,R. Ambedkar center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi.

Preface	p. v
Foreword	p. vii
Basic Terms and Definitions	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 17
1.1 Defining Polymers	p. 17
1.2 Classification of Polymers	p. 19
1.3 Bonding in Polymers	p. 27
1.4 Copolymers	p. 29
1.5 Why Polymers are Different from Small Molecules	p. 30
1.6 Flowchart of Ploymeric Materials	p. 31
2 Chain Growth Polymerization	p. 33
2.1 Addition Polymerization	p. 34
2.1.1 Free Radical Addition	p. 34
2.2 Non-radical Polymerization	p. 40
2.2.1 Cationic Polymerization	p. 40
2.2.2 Anionic Polymerization	p. 42
2.2.3 Heterogeneous Stereospecific Polymerization	p. 45
2.2.3.1 Zieglar-Natta Polymerization	p. 45
2.2.3.2 Metallocene Polymerization	p. 49
2.2.3.3 Olefin Metathesis	p. 55
2.3 Condensation Polymerization	p. 57
3 Step Growth Polymerization	p. 59
3.1 Condensation Polymerization	p. 59
3.2 Non-Condensation Polymerization	p. 61
3.3 Functionality Principle	p. 62
3.4 Relationship Between Average Functionality, Extent of Reaction and Degree of Polymerization	p. 62
3.5 Molecular Weight in a Step-Growth Polymerization	p. 64
3.6 Kinetics	p. 64
4 Copolymerization	p. 67
4.1 Chain Growth Copolymerization	p. 67
4.1.1 Free Radical Copolymerization	p. 67
4.2 Step Growth Copolymerization	p. 70
4.3 Ionomers	p. 70
4.4 Polymer Blends and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks	p. 71
4.5 Utility of Copolymerization	p. 72
5 Polymer Properties	p. 73
5.1 Structure-Property Relationship	p. 74
5.2 Average Molecular Weight	p. 74
5.2.1 Polydispersity Index	p. 77
5.2.2 Effect of Polymerization Mechanism on PDI	p. 77
5.3 Polymer Solutions and Solubility	p. 78
5.3.1 Dissolution of Polymers	p. 78
5.3.2 General Rules for Polymer Solubility	p. 78
5.3.3 Thermodynamic Basis of Polymer-Solubility	p. 79
5.3.4 Solubility Parameters	p. 80
5.3.5 Properties of Dilute Solutions	p. 82
5.4 Solid State Properties	p. 84
5.4.1 Amorphous State	p. 84
5.4.2 Crystalline State	p. 84
5.4.2.1 Requirements for Crystallinity	p. 84
5.5 Deformations in Polymers	p. 87
5.6 Mechanical Properties	p. 87
5.7 Flow Behavior	p. 90
5.7.1 Purely Viscous Flow	p. 90
5.7.2 Time-dependent Behavior	p. 93
5.7.3 Polymer Melts and Solutions	p. 94
5.8 Transitions in Polymers	p. 95
5.8.1 Molecular Motions in Polymers	p. 96
5.8.2 Determination of T[subscript g]	p. 97
5.9 Polymer Degradation	p. 99
6 Polymer Characterization	p. 101
6.1 Identification and Characterization of Polymers	p. 107
6.2 Chemical Analysis of Polymers	p. 103
6.3 Spectroscopic Methods	p. 104
6.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy	p. 104
6.3.2 NMR Spectroscopy	p. 106
6.4 Molecular Weight determination	p. 108
6.4.1 Measuring Polymer Solution Viscosity	p. 109
6.4.2 Gas Chromatography	p. 112
6.4.3 Liquid Chromatography	p. 112
6.4.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography/ (Size Exclusion Chromatography)	p. 113
6.4.5 Low Angle Light Scattering (LALS)	p. 114
6.4.6 Dynamic Light Scattering	p. 115
6.4.7 Flow Injection Polymer Analysis	p. 115
6.4.8 MALDI	p. 115
6.5 Morphology	p. 117
6.5.1 X-ray Diffraction Study	p. 117
6.5.1.1 Wide Angle X-ray Scattering	p. 117
6.5.1.2 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering	p. 117
6.5.1.3 Small Angle Neutron Scattering	p. 118
6.5.1.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 118
6.6 Thermal Analysis	p. 118
6.6.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)	p. 118
6.7 Mechanical Properties Testing	p. 120
6.7.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis or Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis	p. 122
7 Polymerization Practices	p. 123
7.1 Bulk Polymerization	p. 123
7.2 Solution Polymerization	p. 126
7.3 Interfacial Polycondensation	p. 127
7.4 Suspension or Pearl Polymerization	p. 127
7.5 Emulsion Polymerization	p. 128
8 Polymer Processing	p. 131
8.1 Introduction	p. 131
8.2 Basic Processing Operations	p. 131
8.3 Extrusion	p. 132
8.4 Calendering	p. 133
8.5 Sheet Forming	p. 184
8.6 Stamping	p. 135
8.7 Casting	p. 135
8.8 Solution Casting	p. 136
8.9 Blow Molding	p. 136
8.9.1 Injection Blow Molding	p. 137
8.9.2 Rainforced Thermosat Molding	p. 137
8.10 Fiber Spinning	p. 139
9 Commercially Important Polymers	p. 141
9.1 Synthetic Organic Polymers	p. 141
9.1.1 Thermoplastics	p. 141
9.1.2 Thermosets	p. 166
9.2 Rubber Polymers	p. 176
9.3 Conducting Polymers	p. 179
9.4 Biopolymers	p. 185
9.4.1 Natural Biopolymers	p. 185
9.4.2 Synthetic Biopolymers	p. 197
9.5 Inorganic Polymers	p. 202
Questions	p. 211
Index	p. 215

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Author Notes

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