Cover image for Automotive antenna design and applications
Title:
Automotive antenna design and applications
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, c2010
Physical Description:
xviii, 312 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
ISBN:
9781439804070
General Note:
"A CRC title."

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30000010257128 TL272.5 R33 2010 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

The steady evolution of wireless communication technologies continues to pave the way for the implementation of innovative services and devices in modern vehicles. These include analog and digital audio broadcasting radio, satellite radio, GPS, cell phones, and short range communication devices. Such applications require the use multiple antennas operating in different frequency ranges.

Automotive Antenna Design and Applications thoroughly examines traditional and new advanced automotive antennas, including the principles, designs, and techniques used to reduce antenna dimensions without significant degradation of communication quality. The contents of this book are based on cutting-edge data collected from numerous technical papers, patents, and patent applications. It presents an overview of many commercially available automotive antennas and covers features that have become standard in automotive applications, such as printed-on car glass antennas, reduced-size helical antennas, multiband compact, printed-on dielectric and patch designs in a single package.

Includes simulation examples of antenna parameters that significantly speed up the design process using software packages such as FEKO, NEC, IE3D, and Genesys

Highlighting the practical aspects of antenna design, the authors present passive and active designs and describe the entire design process, including antenna simulation, prototype sample fabrication, and laboratory test measurements. The book also covers the production adjustments that can result from the demands of the real car environment. The presentation of numerous examples of passive and active automotive antennas greatly enhances this reference's value to professionals, students, and anyone else working in the ever-evolving field of antenna design and application.


Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
Acknowledgmentsp. xiii
Lead Authorp. xv
List of Abbreviationsp. xvii
1 Automotive Antennas Overview: Patents, Papers, and Productsp. 1
1.1 Introductionp. 1
1.2 AM/FM Antenna Systemsp. 3
1.2.1 AM/FM Broadcasting Frequency Rangep. 3
1.2.2 Printed-on-Glass Antennasp. 3
1.2.3 Short Mast Helical Roof Antennasp. 5
1.3 Cellular Phone Antennasp. 6
1.4 Car TV Antennasp. 8
1.4.1 Terrestrial Systemsp. 8
1.4.2 Satellite TV Antennasp. 8
1.4.3 Internet TV in Vehiclesp. 9
1.5 Satellite Radio Antennasp. 10
1.6 GPS Antenna Systemsp. 11
1.7 Antennas for Short Range Communicationsp. 12
1.7.1 Introductionp. 12
1.7.2 Remote Start Engine and Remote Keyless Entry Antennasp. 13
1.7.3 Tire Pressure Sensorsp. 15
1.7.4 Electronic Toll Collection Systemsp. 16
1.8 Thin Film Antennasp. 18
1.9 Digital Audio Broadcasting Designp. 19
1.10 Automotive Radar Antenna Systemsp. 20
1.11 Antenna Packaging Issuesp. 21
1.12 Summaryp. 22
Referencesp. 23
2 Basic Antenna Parameters and Definitionsp. 27
2.1 Introductionp. 27
2.2 Far Zone and Radiation Patternp. 27
2.3 Polarization and Radiation Pattern Measurementsp. 29
2.4 Directivity, Gain, Average Gain, and Antenna Beamwidthp. 31
2.5 Impedance, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Bandwidth, and Quality Factorp. 34
2.6 Impedance Matching Between Antenna and Car Receiverp. 36
2.7 Electrically Small Antennasp. 36
2.8 Radio Frequency Cables and Connectorsp. 37
2.9 Notes on Decibelsp. 39
2.10 Converting Field Strength to Powerp. 40
Referencesp. 41
3 Active and Diversity Receiving Antenna Systemsp. 43
3.1 Introductionp. 43
3.2 Signal and Noise Analysis of Active Antennap. 44
3.2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratiop. 44
3.2.2 Antenna Noise Temperaturep. 47
3.3 Low Noise Amplifier Parametersp. 48
3.3.1 Introductionp. 48
3.3.2 S Parametersp. 48
3.3.3 Stability Analysisp. 49
3.3.4 Amplifier Gainp. 49
3.3.5 Matching for Maximum Amplifier Gainp. 51
3.3.6 Noise Matching Designp. 52
3.3.7 Output Gain Matching for Noise Matched LNAp. 53
3.3.8 Low Noise Amplifier Distortion Parametersp. 53
3.3.9 Measurement Set-Up to Estimate Third-Order Intermodulation Distortionsp. 54
3.4 Active Antenna Gainp. 55
3.5 Low Noise Amplifiers for Electrically Small Antennasp. 56
3.6 Diversity Techniquesp. 56
Referencesp. 60
4 Audio Broadcasting Antennasp. 63
4.1 AM/FM Whip Antennap. 63
4.2 Printed-on-Glass AM/FM Antennasp. 64
4.2.1 Introductionp. 64
4.2.1.1 Rear Glass Systemsp. 65
4.2.1.2 Side Glass Systemsp. 65
4.2.1.3 Front (Windshield) Systemsp. 65
4.2.1.4 Diversity Window Antennasp. 65
4.2.2 Passive Windshield Antennasp. 66
4.2.2.1 FM Frequency Rangep. 66
4.2.2.2 AM Frequency Rangep. 69
4.2.3 Simulation Resultsp. 73
4.2.4 Side Glass Antenna Pattern Examplep. 75
4.2.5 Amplifier Circuit for AM/FM Antenna Systemp. 76
4.2.6 Amplifier with High Input Impedancep. 83
4.3 Short Roof AM/FM Antennap. 84
4.3.1 Helix Antenna Radiation Modesp. 84
4.3.2 Helix Antenna for FM Frequency Bandp. 86
4.4 Short Meander Antennap. 87
4.5 Diversity FM Antennasp. 89
4.5.1 Two Antenna Diversity Elementsp. 89
4.5.2 Single Reconfigurable Antenna Element for Space Diversity Applicationsp. 91
4.5.3 Correlation Signal Analysis for Car Roof Spaced Antennasp. 92
4.6 Antennas for Digital Audio Broadcastingp. 93
4.6.1 L Band Antenna Geometryp. 93
4.6.2 Radiation Pattern Measurements for L Band Antennap. 97
4.6.3 Antennas for Band IIIp. 99
Referencesp. 103
5 Cellular Antennasp. 107
5.1 Single Band Monopole on Roofp. 107
5.2 Glass Mounted Monopolep. 113
5.3 Dual-Band Monopolep. 114
5.4 Helixp. 116
5.4.1 Single Band Simulation Resultsp. 116
5.4.2 Dual-Band Helixp. 118
5.5 Compact Printed Circuit Board Antennasp. 120
5.5.1 Single Band Meander Line Designp. 120
5.5.2 Dual-Band Combined Designp. 123
5.5.3 Tri-Band Designp. 124
5.5.4 CPW-Fed Multiband Designp. 124
5.5.5 Planar Inverted F Antennap. 128
5.5.6 Hidden Printed Dipolep. 131
5.5.7 Printed-on-Glass Designp. 131
5.5.8 Antenova Seriesp. 131
5.6 Dual-Band Inverted F Designp. 134
5.7 Rear View Mirror Mountp. 135
5.8 Bumper Installationp. 137
5.9 Combined FM/PCS Designp. 138
5.10 Integrated AM/FM/AMPS/PCS Designp. 140
5.11 Integrated PCS/RKE Designp. 140
5.12 Cellular Diversity Systemsp. 142
5.12.1 Spatial, Polarization, and Pattern Diversityp. 142
5.12.2 Monopoles for Diversity Receptionp. 145
5.12.3 Switched Parasitic Elements for Diversity Designp. 146
Referencesp. 148
6 TV Antennas for Carsp. 151
6.1 Satellite TV Antennasp. 151
6.1.1 Satellite TV System Requirementsp. 151
6.1.2 Ridged Waveguide Antenna Arrayp. 152
6.1.3 Electronic Beam-Controlled Phase Arrayp. 153
6.1.4 G/T Estimationp. 155
6.2 Antennas for Digital Terrestrial TVp. 157
6.2.1 Introductionp. 157
6.2.2 H-Shaped Glass Configurationp. 158
6.2.3 Simple Meander Window Glass Designp. 164
6.3 Printed-on-Glass Patent Examplesp. 166
6.4 Bumper Diversity Systemp. 169
6.5 Compact Mast Monopolep. 171
Referencesp. 172
7 Satellite Radio Antennasp. 175
7.1 Basic Passive Antenna Requirementsp. 175
7.1.1 Parameters for Sirius Service (2320 to 2332.5 MHz)p. 175
7.1.2 Parameters for XM Service (2332.5 to 2345 MHz)p. 175
7.2 System With Two Antenna Elementsp. 175
7.3 System With Single Patch Antenna Elementp. 177
7.4 Simplified Engineering Formulas for Rectangular Passive Patch Parametersp. 178
7.4.1 Geometry Dimensions for Linear Polarizationp. 178
7.4.2 Circular Polarization Geometryp. 179
7.4.3 Performances of Passive Antenna Elementsp. 181
7.4.4 Circular Polarization Design Guidelinesp. 182
7.5 Simulated Example of SDARS Patchp. 183
7.6 Commercially Available Passive Elementsp. 185
7.7 Vertical Polarization Gain of Patch Antenna at Horizon Angle Directionp. 186
7.8 Ground Size Effectsp. 187
7.9 On-Vehicle Antenna Locationp. 189
7.10 Compact Dual-Polarized Antennap. 191
7.11 Low Profile Cross Slot Antenna for SDARS Applicationp. 196
7.12 Glass Mount Systemp. 197
7.13 XM Truck Antennap. 199
7.14 Active Designp. 199
7.14.1 Antenna Amplifier Requirementsp. 199
7.14.2 Amplifier Simulation Resultsp. 202
7.15 Commercially Available Modulesp. 203
7.16 SDARS Parameter Measurementsp. 204
7.16.1 Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurements in Anechoic Chamberp. 204
7.16.2 Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurements of Antenna Mounted on Carp. 205
7.16.3 SDARS Antenna Noise Temperaturep. 206
7.17 Diversity Circuitsp. 207
Referencesp. 210
8 GPS Antennasp. 213
8.1 Typical GPS Antenna Parametersp. 213
8.2 Patch Parameters and Ground Plane Sizep. 214
8.3 On-Vehicle GPS Antenna Measurementsp. 216
8.4 Circular Annular Ring Microstrip Antennap. 218
8.5 Dual-Band GPS Antennap. 220
8.6 Tri-Band Applicationsp. 224
8.7 Amplifier Circuit for Active Designp. 226
8.8 Combined GPS and Cellular Phone Systemsp. 227
8.8.1 Typical Antenna Systemp. 227
8.8.2 Isolation of Collocated Cellular and GPS Antennasp. 228
8.8.3 Gain Measurements of Passive Cell/GPS Elementsp. 229
8.8.4 Active Antenna and Filter Topologyp. 232
8.9 Combined GPS and SDARS Antenna Systemp. 233
8.9.1 Stacked Patch Designp. 233
8.9.2 Two Antennas in One Packagep. 237
8.10 Microstrip Antenna for GPS and DCS Applicationsp. 238
8.11 Integrated GPS/PCS/RKES Systemp. 241
8.12 Car Location Optionsp. 242
8.13 Diversity Antennas for GPS Applicationsp. 245
Referencesp. 247
9 Antennas for Short Range Communicationp. 249
9.1 Introductionp. 249
9.2 Compact Planar Passive Antennap. 251
9.2.1 Geometriesp. 251
9.2.2 Simulation Resultsp. 252
9.3 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical 315 MHz Meander Line Printed on Dielectric Boardp. 254
9.3.1 Introductionp. 254
9.3.2 Antenna Geometryp. 256
9.3.3 Numerical Resultsp. 256
9.3.4 Measurement Resultsp. 260
9.4 Considerations for Small Antennasp. 262
9.5 Active Meander Line Antenna Implementation for 315 MHzp. 264
9.5.1 Antenna and Amplifier Parametersp. 264
9.5.2 Meander Line Antenna in Plastic Casep. 267
9.5.3 On-Vehicle Radiation Pattern Measurementsp. 267
9.6 Example of 433.9 MHz Antennap. 272
9.7 Alternative Antenna Systems for Short Range Communicationp. 273
9.7.1 Splitter Antenna for 315 MHz Frequency Bandp. 274
9.7.2 Combined Roof AM/FM/RKE Systemp. 275
9.7.3 Combined RKE/PCS/GPS Designp. 276
9.7.4 Printed-on-Glass RKE Antenna Designp. 277
9.7.5 Comparison of 433.9 MHz Antennasp. 278
9.8 Maximum Detection Range of RKE/RSE Systemp. 281
9.9 Effects of Auto Electronic Components on Communication Rangep. 284
9.10 Signal and Noise Measurements for Antenna/Receiver Combinationp. 285
9.10.1 Measurement Resultsp. 286
9.10.2 Electromagnetic Emission Interferencep. 288
9.11 Compact Diversity Antenna System for Remote Control Applicationsp. 29
9.12 Compact Antennas: Literature and Patent Reviewp. 294
9.13 Meander Line Antennas for Multifrequency Applicationsp. 296
Referencesp. 300
Indexp. 303