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Summary
Summary
The steady evolution of wireless communication technologies continues to pave the way for the implementation of innovative services and devices in modern vehicles. These include analog and digital audio broadcasting radio, satellite radio, GPS, cell phones, and short range communication devices. Such applications require the use multiple antennas operating in different frequency ranges.
Automotive Antenna Design and Applications thoroughly examines traditional and new advanced automotive antennas, including the principles, designs, and techniques used to reduce antenna dimensions without significant degradation of communication quality. The contents of this book are based on cutting-edge data collected from numerous technical papers, patents, and patent applications. It presents an overview of many commercially available automotive antennas and covers features that have become standard in automotive applications, such as printed-on car glass antennas, reduced-size helical antennas, multiband compact, printed-on dielectric and patch designs in a single package.
Includes simulation examples of antenna parameters that significantly speed up the design process using software packages such as FEKO, NEC, IE3D, and Genesys
Highlighting the practical aspects of antenna design, the authors present passive and active designs and describe the entire design process, including antenna simulation, prototype sample fabrication, and laboratory test measurements. The book also covers the production adjustments that can result from the demands of the real car environment. The presentation of numerous examples of passive and active automotive antennas greatly enhances this reference's value to professionals, students, and anyone else working in the ever-evolving field of antenna design and application.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
Lead Author | p. xv |
List of Abbreviations | p. xvii |
1 Automotive Antennas Overview: Patents, Papers, and Products | p. 1 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.2 AM/FM Antenna Systems | p. 3 |
1.2.1 AM/FM Broadcasting Frequency Range | p. 3 |
1.2.2 Printed-on-Glass Antennas | p. 3 |
1.2.3 Short Mast Helical Roof Antennas | p. 5 |
1.3 Cellular Phone Antennas | p. 6 |
1.4 Car TV Antennas | p. 8 |
1.4.1 Terrestrial Systems | p. 8 |
1.4.2 Satellite TV Antennas | p. 8 |
1.4.3 Internet TV in Vehicles | p. 9 |
1.5 Satellite Radio Antennas | p. 10 |
1.6 GPS Antenna Systems | p. 11 |
1.7 Antennas for Short Range Communications | p. 12 |
1.7.1 Introduction | p. 12 |
1.7.2 Remote Start Engine and Remote Keyless Entry Antennas | p. 13 |
1.7.3 Tire Pressure Sensors | p. 15 |
1.7.4 Electronic Toll Collection Systems | p. 16 |
1.8 Thin Film Antennas | p. 18 |
1.9 Digital Audio Broadcasting Design | p. 19 |
1.10 Automotive Radar Antenna Systems | p. 20 |
1.11 Antenna Packaging Issues | p. 21 |
1.12 Summary | p. 22 |
References | p. 23 |
2 Basic Antenna Parameters and Definitions | p. 27 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 27 |
2.2 Far Zone and Radiation Pattern | p. 27 |
2.3 Polarization and Radiation Pattern Measurements | p. 29 |
2.4 Directivity, Gain, Average Gain, and Antenna Beamwidth | p. 31 |
2.5 Impedance, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Bandwidth, and Quality Factor | p. 34 |
2.6 Impedance Matching Between Antenna and Car Receiver | p. 36 |
2.7 Electrically Small Antennas | p. 36 |
2.8 Radio Frequency Cables and Connectors | p. 37 |
2.9 Notes on Decibels | p. 39 |
2.10 Converting Field Strength to Power | p. 40 |
References | p. 41 |
3 Active and Diversity Receiving Antenna Systems | p. 43 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 43 |
3.2 Signal and Noise Analysis of Active Antenna | p. 44 |
3.2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 44 |
3.2.2 Antenna Noise Temperature | p. 47 |
3.3 Low Noise Amplifier Parameters | p. 48 |
3.3.1 Introduction | p. 48 |
3.3.2 S Parameters | p. 48 |
3.3.3 Stability Analysis | p. 49 |
3.3.4 Amplifier Gain | p. 49 |
3.3.5 Matching for Maximum Amplifier Gain | p. 51 |
3.3.6 Noise Matching Design | p. 52 |
3.3.7 Output Gain Matching for Noise Matched LNA | p. 53 |
3.3.8 Low Noise Amplifier Distortion Parameters | p. 53 |
3.3.9 Measurement Set-Up to Estimate Third-Order Intermodulation Distortions | p. 54 |
3.4 Active Antenna Gain | p. 55 |
3.5 Low Noise Amplifiers for Electrically Small Antennas | p. 56 |
3.6 Diversity Techniques | p. 56 |
References | p. 60 |
4 Audio Broadcasting Antennas | p. 63 |
4.1 AM/FM Whip Antenna | p. 63 |
4.2 Printed-on-Glass AM/FM Antennas | p. 64 |
4.2.1 Introduction | p. 64 |
4.2.1.1 Rear Glass Systems | p. 65 |
4.2.1.2 Side Glass Systems | p. 65 |
4.2.1.3 Front (Windshield) Systems | p. 65 |
4.2.1.4 Diversity Window Antennas | p. 65 |
4.2.2 Passive Windshield Antennas | p. 66 |
4.2.2.1 FM Frequency Range | p. 66 |
4.2.2.2 AM Frequency Range | p. 69 |
4.2.3 Simulation Results | p. 73 |
4.2.4 Side Glass Antenna Pattern Example | p. 75 |
4.2.5 Amplifier Circuit for AM/FM Antenna System | p. 76 |
4.2.6 Amplifier with High Input Impedance | p. 83 |
4.3 Short Roof AM/FM Antenna | p. 84 |
4.3.1 Helix Antenna Radiation Modes | p. 84 |
4.3.2 Helix Antenna for FM Frequency Band | p. 86 |
4.4 Short Meander Antenna | p. 87 |
4.5 Diversity FM Antennas | p. 89 |
4.5.1 Two Antenna Diversity Elements | p. 89 |
4.5.2 Single Reconfigurable Antenna Element for Space Diversity Applications | p. 91 |
4.5.3 Correlation Signal Analysis for Car Roof Spaced Antennas | p. 92 |
4.6 Antennas for Digital Audio Broadcasting | p. 93 |
4.6.1 L Band Antenna Geometry | p. 93 |
4.6.2 Radiation Pattern Measurements for L Band Antenna | p. 97 |
4.6.3 Antennas for Band III | p. 99 |
References | p. 103 |
5 Cellular Antennas | p. 107 |
5.1 Single Band Monopole on Roof | p. 107 |
5.2 Glass Mounted Monopole | p. 113 |
5.3 Dual-Band Monopole | p. 114 |
5.4 Helix | p. 116 |
5.4.1 Single Band Simulation Results | p. 116 |
5.4.2 Dual-Band Helix | p. 118 |
5.5 Compact Printed Circuit Board Antennas | p. 120 |
5.5.1 Single Band Meander Line Design | p. 120 |
5.5.2 Dual-Band Combined Design | p. 123 |
5.5.3 Tri-Band Design | p. 124 |
5.5.4 CPW-Fed Multiband Design | p. 124 |
5.5.5 Planar Inverted F Antenna | p. 128 |
5.5.6 Hidden Printed Dipole | p. 131 |
5.5.7 Printed-on-Glass Design | p. 131 |
5.5.8 Antenova Series | p. 131 |
5.6 Dual-Band Inverted F Design | p. 134 |
5.7 Rear View Mirror Mount | p. 135 |
5.8 Bumper Installation | p. 137 |
5.9 Combined FM/PCS Design | p. 138 |
5.10 Integrated AM/FM/AMPS/PCS Design | p. 140 |
5.11 Integrated PCS/RKE Design | p. 140 |
5.12 Cellular Diversity Systems | p. 142 |
5.12.1 Spatial, Polarization, and Pattern Diversity | p. 142 |
5.12.2 Monopoles for Diversity Reception | p. 145 |
5.12.3 Switched Parasitic Elements for Diversity Design | p. 146 |
References | p. 148 |
6 TV Antennas for Cars | p. 151 |
6.1 Satellite TV Antennas | p. 151 |
6.1.1 Satellite TV System Requirements | p. 151 |
6.1.2 Ridged Waveguide Antenna Array | p. 152 |
6.1.3 Electronic Beam-Controlled Phase Array | p. 153 |
6.1.4 G/T Estimation | p. 155 |
6.2 Antennas for Digital Terrestrial TV | p. 157 |
6.2.1 Introduction | p. 157 |
6.2.2 H-Shaped Glass Configuration | p. 158 |
6.2.3 Simple Meander Window Glass Design | p. 164 |
6.3 Printed-on-Glass Patent Examples | p. 166 |
6.4 Bumper Diversity System | p. 169 |
6.5 Compact Mast Monopole | p. 171 |
References | p. 172 |
7 Satellite Radio Antennas | p. 175 |
7.1 Basic Passive Antenna Requirements | p. 175 |
7.1.1 Parameters for Sirius Service (2320 to 2332.5 MHz) | p. 175 |
7.1.2 Parameters for XM Service (2332.5 to 2345 MHz) | p. 175 |
7.2 System With Two Antenna Elements | p. 175 |
7.3 System With Single Patch Antenna Element | p. 177 |
7.4 Simplified Engineering Formulas for Rectangular Passive Patch Parameters | p. 178 |
7.4.1 Geometry Dimensions for Linear Polarization | p. 178 |
7.4.2 Circular Polarization Geometry | p. 179 |
7.4.3 Performances of Passive Antenna Elements | p. 181 |
7.4.4 Circular Polarization Design Guidelines | p. 182 |
7.5 Simulated Example of SDARS Patch | p. 183 |
7.6 Commercially Available Passive Elements | p. 185 |
7.7 Vertical Polarization Gain of Patch Antenna at Horizon Angle Direction | p. 186 |
7.8 Ground Size Effects | p. 187 |
7.9 On-Vehicle Antenna Location | p. 189 |
7.10 Compact Dual-Polarized Antenna | p. 191 |
7.11 Low Profile Cross Slot Antenna for SDARS Application | p. 196 |
7.12 Glass Mount System | p. 197 |
7.13 XM Truck Antenna | p. 199 |
7.14 Active Design | p. 199 |
7.14.1 Antenna Amplifier Requirements | p. 199 |
7.14.2 Amplifier Simulation Results | p. 202 |
7.15 Commercially Available Modules | p. 203 |
7.16 SDARS Parameter Measurements | p. 204 |
7.16.1 Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurements in Anechoic Chamber | p. 204 |
7.16.2 Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurements of Antenna Mounted on Car | p. 205 |
7.16.3 SDARS Antenna Noise Temperature | p. 206 |
7.17 Diversity Circuits | p. 207 |
References | p. 210 |
8 GPS Antennas | p. 213 |
8.1 Typical GPS Antenna Parameters | p. 213 |
8.2 Patch Parameters and Ground Plane Size | p. 214 |
8.3 On-Vehicle GPS Antenna Measurements | p. 216 |
8.4 Circular Annular Ring Microstrip Antenna | p. 218 |
8.5 Dual-Band GPS Antenna | p. 220 |
8.6 Tri-Band Applications | p. 224 |
8.7 Amplifier Circuit for Active Design | p. 226 |
8.8 Combined GPS and Cellular Phone Systems | p. 227 |
8.8.1 Typical Antenna System | p. 227 |
8.8.2 Isolation of Collocated Cellular and GPS Antennas | p. 228 |
8.8.3 Gain Measurements of Passive Cell/GPS Elements | p. 229 |
8.8.4 Active Antenna and Filter Topology | p. 232 |
8.9 Combined GPS and SDARS Antenna System | p. 233 |
8.9.1 Stacked Patch Design | p. 233 |
8.9.2 Two Antennas in One Package | p. 237 |
8.10 Microstrip Antenna for GPS and DCS Applications | p. 238 |
8.11 Integrated GPS/PCS/RKES System | p. 241 |
8.12 Car Location Options | p. 242 |
8.13 Diversity Antennas for GPS Applications | p. 245 |
References | p. 247 |
9 Antennas for Short Range Communication | p. 249 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 249 |
9.2 Compact Planar Passive Antenna | p. 251 |
9.2.1 Geometries | p. 251 |
9.2.2 Simulation Results | p. 252 |
9.3 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical 315 MHz Meander Line Printed on Dielectric Board | p. 254 |
9.3.1 Introduction | p. 254 |
9.3.2 Antenna Geometry | p. 256 |
9.3.3 Numerical Results | p. 256 |
9.3.4 Measurement Results | p. 260 |
9.4 Considerations for Small Antennas | p. 262 |
9.5 Active Meander Line Antenna Implementation for 315 MHz | p. 264 |
9.5.1 Antenna and Amplifier Parameters | p. 264 |
9.5.2 Meander Line Antenna in Plastic Case | p. 267 |
9.5.3 On-Vehicle Radiation Pattern Measurements | p. 267 |
9.6 Example of 433.9 MHz Antenna | p. 272 |
9.7 Alternative Antenna Systems for Short Range Communication | p. 273 |
9.7.1 Splitter Antenna for 315 MHz Frequency Band | p. 274 |
9.7.2 Combined Roof AM/FM/RKE System | p. 275 |
9.7.3 Combined RKE/PCS/GPS Design | p. 276 |
9.7.4 Printed-on-Glass RKE Antenna Design | p. 277 |
9.7.5 Comparison of 433.9 MHz Antennas | p. 278 |
9.8 Maximum Detection Range of RKE/RSE System | p. 281 |
9.9 Effects of Auto Electronic Components on Communication Range | p. 284 |
9.10 Signal and Noise Measurements for Antenna/Receiver Combination | p. 285 |
9.10.1 Measurement Results | p. 286 |
9.10.2 Electromagnetic Emission Interference | p. 288 |
9.11 Compact Diversity Antenna System for Remote Control Applications | p. 29 |
9.12 Compact Antennas: Literature and Patent Review | p. 294 |
9.13 Meander Line Antennas for Multifrequency Applications | p. 296 |
References | p. 300 |
Index | p. 303 |