Bioindicators and biomarkers of environmental pollution and risk assessment

Provides the reader with an overview of the variety of animal and plants that are available for use as environmental monitors. The author emphasizes that the use of a single species of target bioindicator is not appropriate or scientifically sound for the monitoring of several toxic pollutants.

James E. Klaunig

Foreword	p. v
Preface	p. vii
Acknowledgments	p. ix
Introduction	p. xvii
1. Introduction and Definition of Bioindicators and Biomarkers	p. 1
1.1 Difference between Bioindicators and Biomarkers	p. 3
1.2 Bioindicators for Evaluating the Ecological Health	p. 4
1.3 Bioindicators of Exposure in situ	p. 6
1.4 Indicator Species of Various Eco-Environments and the Sentinel Organisms	p. 7
1.5 Biomarkers--The Fingerprints of Pollution	p. 9
2. Evolution of Bioindicators and Biomarkers	p. 10
2.1 Use of Bioindicators	p. 11
2.2 Bioindicators of Pollutants	p. 13
2.3 Biomarkers for Evaluating Health Effects	p. 14
2.4 Evolution of Biomarkers in Different Types of Ecosystems	p. 15
2.5 Use of Biomarkers in Different Types of Ecosystems	p. 17
2.6 Biomonitoring Ecotoxicology	p. 18
2.7 Risk Assessments and Biomonitoring	p. 19
3. Aquatic Environment Quality Monitoring	p. 21
3.1 Physico-Chemical Parameters of Aquatic Medium/Water	p. 22
3.2 Chemical Parameters and their Biological Effects	p. 24
3.3 Oil, Grease, Petroleum and Detergents	p. 29
3.4 Thermal Pollution	p. 30
3.5 Biological Parameters	p. 31
3.6 Plants Which are Indicators of Water Quality	p. 33
4. Impact of Pollutants on Bioindicator Species	p. 36
4.1 Selection of Species as Bioindicators for Determining Environmental Health	p. 38
4.2 Heavy Metal Pollution	p. 38
4.3 Types of Pollutants	p. 39
4.4 Bioaccumulation in Plants	p. 41
4.5 Bioaccumulation and Impact on Terrestrial Invertebrates	p. 42
4.6 Bioaccumulation and Toxic Effects in Birds and Small Mammals	p. 42
4.7 Global Concern and Environmental Legislation	p. 47
4.8 Anthropomorphic Effects	p. 48
5. Bioindicators of Aquatic Pollution	p. 51
5.1 Bioindicators to Detect Early Signs of Environmental Damage	p. 51
5.2 Biodiversity of Indicator Organisms	p. 52
5.3 Sentinel Organisms as Bioindicator Species	p. 54
5.4 Bioindicator Species from Different Phyla	p. 56
5.5 Marine Pollution Indicators	p. 77
5.6 Biological Indicators of Diffuse Pollution	p. 78
5.7 Contaminants in Drinking Water	p. 79
5.8 Radiation Effects and Bioindicators	p. 79
5.9 Radioactive Contamination/Exposure	p. 80
6. Biomarkers of Pollution for Risk Assessment	p. 82
6.1 Pesticide Contaminants and Biomarkers	p. 84
6.2 Biomarkers for Heavy Metal Toxicity	p. 86
6.3 Biomarkers for Benzene	p. 89
6.4 Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage	p. 89
6.5 Biomarkers for Aromatic Hydrocarbons	p. 90
6.6 Biomarkers for Asbestos Toxicity	p. 90
6.7 Biomarkers for Particulate Pollutants	p. 91
6.8 Carcinogens and Biomarkers	p. 92
6.9 Biomarker for Acrolein	p. 96
6.10 Biomarkers of Ionizing Radiation	p. 96
6.11 Inventory of Exposure-Related Databases	p. 99
7. Eco-Toxicology: A New Era of Research and Bioassays for Risk Assessment	p. 101
7.1 Bioassays/Tests for Toxicity	p. 102
7.2 Bioassay Procedures	p. 106
7.3 Criteria of Selection of Bioassays	p. 109
7.4 Mechanisms of Exposure to Pollutants	p. 111
7.5 Evaluation Procedures	p. 113
7.6 Bioremediation	p. 117
7.7 Genetically Engineered Organisms	p. 123
7.8 Phytoremediation	p. 125
7.9 Water impurities, Measurement, Problems and Solutions for Human Utilization	p. 130
7.10 X-ray Fluorescence Technique	p. 131
8. Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicants: Pollution Fingerprints	p. 133
8.1 Acetylcholine	p. 136
8.2 Transaminases	p. 139
8.3 Free Radical Generation	p. 140
8.4 Antioxidants or Radical Inhibitors	p. 142
8.5 Production of Metabolites	p. 146
8.6 Molecular Interactions of Metal Ions in Biological Systems	p. 147
8.7 Metallothioneins	p. 150
8.8 Sequestration of Metal Toxicity	p. 152
8.9 Mechanism of Metal Pollution Resistance/Sequestering in Plants	p. 153
8.10 Role of Enzyme Molecules in Detoxification Mechanisms	p. 155
9. Environmental Toxicology and Biomonitoring	p. 158
9.1 Biomarkers and Their Utilization	p. 161
9.2 Ecotoxicology and Biomarkers	p. 163
9.3 Radioactive Pollution--Biodiversity at Risk	p. 168
10. Future Trends	p. 169
Bibliography	p. 174
Glossary	p. 193
Index	p. 200

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