Delivering voice over IP networks

Includes new coverage on the advances in signaling protocols, second-generation switching and the development of non-switched alternatives, and the implementation lessons learned. Contains in-depth coverage of network architectures used to support VoIP, performance and voice quality considerations, compression and integration methods for IP tranmissions.

Author Notes

Daniel Minoli has been a network consultant to Teleport, DVI Communications, and Bellcore. recently played a key role in the foundation of two networking companies: Global Nautical Networks, a provider of mobile Internet and data services to marinas, and InfoPort Communications Group, an optical and Gigabit Ethernet metropolitan carrier. He has also taught at New York University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Carnegie-Mellon University, and Monmounth University. An author of best-selling books on telecommunications and data communications, he has written columns for ComputerWorld, NetworkWorld, and Network Computing. He is the author of Telecommunications Handbook, Second Edition, also published by Artech House.

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Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgment	p. xv
About the Authors	p. xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction and Motivation	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Drivers for Voice over IP	p. 6
The Negative Drivers	p. 12
1.3 Approaches for IP-Based Voice Systems	p. 14
Voice Servers Approach	p. 15
IP Voice and Video Phones	p. 18
1.4 The Future	p. 18
References	p. 18
Chapter 2 An Overview of IP, IPOATM, MPLS, and RTP	p. 21
2.1 Introduction	p. 21
2.2 Internet Protocol	p. 24
The Role of the IP	p. 24
IP Routing	p. 26
IP Datagrams	p. 29
Support of Voice and Video in Routers	p. 32
IP Version 6 (IPv6)	p. 33
2.3 IP over ATM (IPOATM)	p. 36
2.4 Basic Synopsis of MPLS	p. 39
MPLS Forwarding/Label-Switching Mechanism	p. 41
MPLS Label-Distribution Mechanism	p. 43
2.5 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)	p. 45
2.6 RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)	p. 50
2.7 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)	p. 52
2.8 ATM QoS Mechanisms	p. 54
Quality of Service Parameters	p. 56
QoS Classes	p. 57
References	p. 59
Notes	p. 61
Chapter 3 Issues in Packet Voice Communication	p. 63
3.1 Introduction	p. 63
Scope	p. 64
Summary of Results	p. 65
3.2 Traffic Models	p. 66
Introduction	p. 66
Speech Events	p. 66
Speaker Models	p. 67
Call Origination Model	p. 72
3.3 Performance Criteria	p. 74
Results of Subjective Studies	p. 74
Smoothness Criteria	p. 76
3.4 Link Model	p. 78
Introduction	p. 79
Model Description	p. 79
3.5 Results	p. 84
Properties of the Delay Distribution	p. 84
Finite-Buffer Case	p. 86
Effect of Speech Models	p. 88
Optimal Packet Length	p. 90
Transient Behavior	p. 92
3.6 Conclusion	p. 95
References	p. 96
Chapter 4 Voice Technologies for Packet-Based Voice Applications	p. 101
4.1 Introduction	p. 101
General Overview of Speech Technology	p. 101
Waveform Coding	p. 102
Vocoding (Analysis/Synthesis) in the Frequency Domain	p. 107
4.2 G.727: ADPCM for Packet Network Applications	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
ADPCM Encoder Principles	p. 114
ADPCM Decoder Principles	p. 121
4.3 Example of Application	p. 123
References	p. 123
Notes	p. 123
Chapter 5 Technology and Standards for Low-Bit-Rate Vocoding Methods	p. 125
5.1 Introduction	p. 125
Overview	p. 127
Vocoder Attributes	p. 128
Linear Prediction Analysis-by-Synthesis (LPAS) Coding	p. 130
5.2 Introduction to G.729 and G.723.1	p. 133
Differentiations	p. 133
Standardization Process	p. 134
Standardization Interval	p. 135
5.3 G.723.1	p. 136
Introduction	p. 136
Encoder/Decoder	p. 136
5.4 G.728	p. 138
LD-CELP Encoder	p. 139
LD-CELP Decoder	p. 140
5.5 G.729	p. 140
Encoder	p. 141
Decoder	p. 143
5.6 Example of Applications	p. 145
H.263 Video Coding for Low-Bit-Rate Communication	p. 145
H.324 Multimedia Communication	p. 146
H.323 Multimedia Communications Standard for LANs and Enterprise Networks	p. 148
References	p. 150
Notes	p. 151
Chapter 6 Voice over IP and the Internet	p. 153
6.1 Introduction	p. 153
6.2 IP/Internet Background	p. 157
Internet Protocol Suite	p. 157
The Internet	p. 157
6.3 Voice Transmission and Approaches in ATM, Frame Relay, and IP	p. 162
ATM	p. 162
Frame Relay	p. 164
IP	p. 164
ITU-T H.323 Group of Standards	p. 165
Streaming Audio	p. 166
6.4 QoS Problems and Solutions	p. 167
6.5 Protocols for QoS Support for Audio and Video Applications	p. 169
RSVP Applications	p. 169
IP Multicast	p. 171
6.6 Internet Telephony Servers (ITSs)	p. 172
6.7 The Voice over IP/Internet Market	p. 177
6.8 VOIP Regulatory Issues	p. 177
6.9 Conclusion	p. 180
References	p. 181
Notes	p. 181
Chapter 7 Signaling Approaches	p. 183
7.1 Introduction	p. 183
7.2 Signaling in Circuit-Switched Networks	p. 187
7.3 H.323 Standards	p. 189
Functional Elements	p. 189
H.323 Basics	p. 190
Example of Signaling	p. 196
7.4 MGCP	p. 202
7.5 SIP	p. 207
SIP Protocol Components	p. 209
SIP-T	p. 210
7.6 Other IETF Signaling Efforts	p. 215
PINT and SPIRITS	p. 215
ENUM	p. 218
TRIP	p. 219
7.7 MEGACO	p. 219
7.8 Sigtran Protocols	p. 221
Performance Considerations for CCSS7 over IP	p. 223
Security Requirements for CCSS7 over IP	p. 223
SCTP Use in CCSS7	p. 223
Transporting MTP over IP	p. 226
Transporting SCCP over IP	p. 229
7.9 SCTP	p. 230
Introduction	p. 230
Motivation	p. 230
Architectural View of SCTP	p. 230
Functional View of SCTP	p. 231
Key Terms	p. 236
Serial Number Arithmetic	p. 236
SCTP Packet Format	p. 239
SCTP Association State Diagram	p. 258
Association Initialization	p. 260
User Data Transfer	p. 262
Termination of an Association	p. 273
References	p. 276
Notes	p. 277
Chapter 8 Quality of Service	p. 279
8.1 Introduction	p. 279
8.2 Background	p. 281
8.3 QoS Approaches	p. 284
Per-Flow QoS	p. 284
Class-Based QoS	p. 288
MPLS-Based QoS	p. 289
Traffic Management/Queue Management	p. 291
8.4 QoS Details	p. 294
IETF Intserv Approach	p. 294
IETF Diffserv Approach	p. 305
Additional Details on Queue Management	p. 320
Conclusion	p. 326
8.5 Case Study	p. 327
Real-Time Service Requirements	p. 327
Technical Challenges	p. 330
Cisco Solutions for Supporting IP-Based Real-Time Services	p. 330
References	p. 340
Notes	p. 342
Chapter 9 Voice over MPLS and Voice over IP over MPLS	p. 343
9.1 Introduction and Background	p. 343
9.2 Motivations	p. 344
9.3 Basic MPLS Features	p. 349
MPLS Forwarding/Label-Switching Mechanism	p. 353
MPLS Label-Distribution Mechanism	p. 356
Other Features	p. 358
Comparison	p. 359
9.4 QoS Capabilities	p. 363
Introduction	p. 365
Details	p. 368
9.5 Voice Applications	p. 370
IP Header Compression	p. 371
VOIPOMPLS Proposal	p. 372
MPLS Forum Specification	p. 374
References	p. 375
Notes	p. 376
Chapter 10 Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM)	p. 377
10.1 Introduction	p. 377
10.2 Background	p. 379
10.3 Introduction to ENUM	p. 383
ENUM: An Evolving Architecture	p. 385
Defining ENUM Applications	p. 387
The ENUM Road to Success	p. 389
10.4 Summary of Capabilities and Issues	p. 390
Capabilities	p. 390
Advocacy	p. 397
10.5 Number Portability	p. 398
Types of NP	p. 400
SPNP Schemes	p. 401
Database Queries in the NP Environment	p. 405
Call Routing in the NP Environment	p. 408
NP Implementations for Geographic E. 164 Numbers	p. 411
NP-Enabled Number Conservation Methods	p. 411
Conclusion	p. 414
10.6 E. 164 Numbers and DNS	p. 417
Introduction	p. 417
E. 164 Numbers and DNS	p. 417
Fetching Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) Given an E. 164 Number	p. 418
IANA Considerations	p. 420
Security Considerations	p. 420
10.7 Appendix to the RFC 2916 Scenario	p. 421
References	p. 422
Notes	p. 424
Chapter 11 Carrier Applications	p. 427
11.1 Introduction and Opportunities	p. 427
11.2 Where the Action Should Be	p. 432
11.3 Carrier Voice Networks	p. 439
11.4 Deployment and Issues	p. 446
Wireless Networks	p. 450
Cable Telephony Networks	p. 458
11.5 Enterprise Applications	p. 465
11.6 International Opportunities	p. 466
11.7 Equipment/Vendor Trends	p. 469
References	p. 473
Notes	p. 474
Index	p. 477

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