Design of fastenings for use in concrete : the CEN/TS 1992-4 provisions

The European pre-standard CEN/TS 1992-4 for the design of fastenings by means of headed studs, anchor channels as well as post-installed mechanical and chemical anchors is ready for use. The background and interpretation of the provisions related to the determination of actions and resistances based on limit state design, durability, fire resistance, fatigue and earthquake actions as required by CEN/TS 1992 are described in detail.

Selected chapters from the German concrete yearbook are now being published in the new English "Beton-Kalender Series" for the benefit of an international audience.
Since it was founded in 1906, the Ernst & Sohn "Beton-Kalender" has been supporting developments in reinforced and prestressed concrete. The aim was to publish a yearbook to reflect progress in "ferro-concrete" structures until - as the book's first editor, Fritz von Emperger (1862-1942), expressed it - the "tempestuous development" in this form of construction came to an end. However, the "Beton-Kalender" quickly became the chosen work of reference for civil and structural engineers, and apart from the years 1945-1950 has been published annually ever since.

Author Notes

Rolf Eligehausen, Prof. Dr.-Ing., studied structural engineering at the Technical University Braunschweig and gained his doctorate from the University Stuttgart. Following two years of research at the University of California Berkeley, he became professor for fastenings technology at the University Stuttgart in 1984. Professor Eligehausen is a member of numerous national and international expert commissions in the fields of steel-reinforced concrete and fastening technology and the author of a large number of articles and books on these topics.
Rainer Malle, Dr.-Ing., studied structural engineering at the Technical University Braunschweig and gained his doctorate from the University Stuttgart. Between 1980 and 1987 he was head of Professor Rehm's engineering bureau in Munich, before becoming head of development in fastening elements at fischer in Waldachtal, Germany. Between 1996 and 2010 he was head of research at the fischer group of companies. Prior to his retirement in 2010 he was a member of numerous national and international expert commissions in the fields of fastening technology and the author of a large number of articles on these topics.
Werner Fuchs, Dr.-Ing., studied structural engineering at the Technical University Karlsruhe and gained his doctorate from the University Stuttgart. Between 1991 and 1997 he assumed a senior position at Hilti's RD center in Kaufering, Germany. In 1997 Dr. Fuchs returned to the University of Stuttgart, where he manages research and coordination of project in different fields pertaining to fastenings in concrete and masonry. Since 2003 he is also lecturer for fastening technology at the University Karlsruhe. He is a member of numerous national and international expert commissions in the fields of steel reinforced concrete and fastening technology. He has published a large number of articles related to these topics.

Editorial	p. xi
1 Introduction	p. 1
2 Fields of application	p. 3
3 Basis of design	p. 13
3.1 General	p. 13
3.2 Verifications	p. 14
3.3 Partial factors	p. 15
3.3.1 General	p. 15
3.3.2 Actions	p. 15
3.3.3 Resistance	p. 16
3.3.3.1 Ultimate limit state	p. 16
3.3.3.2 Serviceability limit state	p. 18
4 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners	p. 19
4.1 General	p. 19
4.2 Tension loads	p. 19
4.2.1 Tension loads on fastenings with post-installed fasteners and headed fasteners	p. 19
4.2.2 Tension loads on fastenings with anchor channels	p. 21
4.3 Shear loads	p. 23
4.3.1 Shear loads on fastenings with post-installed and headed fasteners	p. 23
4.3.2 Shear loads on fastenings with anchor channels	p. 35
4.4 Tension forces in a supplementary reinforcement	p. 36
5 Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis for post-installed fasteners (mechanical systems)	p. 41
5.1 General	p. 41
5.2 Tension load	p. 42
5.2.1 Required verifications	p. 42
5.2.2 Steel failure	p. 44
5.2.3 Pull-out/pull-through failure	p. 44
5.2.4 Conical concrete break-out failure	p. 45
5.2.4.1 Characteristic resistance of a single fastener	p. 46
5.2.4.2 Effect of spacing and edge distance	p. 48
5.2.4.3 Effect of heavy surface reinforcement (shell spalling)	p. 55
5.2.4.4 Effect of the eccentricity of the load	p. 57
5.2.4.5 Special cases: three or four edges with c i	p. 59
5.2.5 Splitting	p. 61
5.2.5.1 Splitting failure during installation of post-installed fasteners	p. 61
5.2.5.2 Splitting failure of loaded post-installed fasteners	p. 61
5.3 Shear load	p. 63
5.3.1 Required verifications	p. 63
5.3.2 Steel failure without lever arm	p. 64
5.3.3 Steel failure with lever arm	p. 64
5.3.4 Pry-out failure	p. 65
5.3.5 Concrete edge failure	p. 68
5.3.5.1 Characteristic resistance of a single fastener	p. 69
5.3.5.2 Effect of spacing	p. 70
5.3.5.3 Effect of edge distances parallel to the load direction	p. 73
5.3.5.4 Effect of member thickness	p. 73
5.3.5.5 Effect of the eccentricity of the load	p. 74
5.3.5.6 Effect of load direction	p. 76
5.3.5.7 Effect of the position of the fastening	p. 77
5.3.5.8 Special case: narrow thin member	p. 77
5.4 Combined tension and shear load	p. 80
5.4.1 Steel failure decisive for tension and shear load	p. 80
5.4.2 Other modes of failure decisive	p. 81
6 Verification of post-installed fasteners (chemical systems) for the ultimate limit state based on the theory of elasticity	p. 83
6.1 General	p. 83
6.2 Tension load	p. 83
6.2.1 Required verifications	p. 83
6.2.2 Steel failure	p. 84
6.2.3 Combined pull-out and concrete failure	p. 84
6.2.3.1 Characteristic resistance of a single fastener	p. 86
6.2.3.2 Edge distance and spacing	p. 86
6.2.3.3 Effect of closely spaced fasteners	p. 87
6.2.3.4 Effect of heavy reinforcement (shell spalling)	p. 88
6.2.3.5 Effect of the eccentricity of the load	p. 89
6.2.3.6 Special case: three or four edges with c i	p. 89
6.2.4 Concrete cone failure	p. 89
6.2.5 Splitting	p. 89
6.3 Shear load	p. 89
6.3.1 Required verifications	p. 89
6.3.2 Steel failure due to shear load without and with lever arm	p. 90
6.3.3 Concrete pry-out	p. 90
6.3.4 Concrete edge failure	p. 90
6.4 Combined tension and shear	p. 90
7 Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis for headed fasteners	p. 91
7.1 General	p. 91
7.2 Tension forces in the supplementary reinforcement	p. 91
7.2.1 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement in case of tension loaded fastenings	p. 91
7.2.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement in case of shear loaded fastenings	p. 92
7.3 Tension load	p. 92
7.3.1 Required verifications	p. 92
7.3.1.1 Fastening without supplementary reinforcement	p. 92
7.3.1.2 Fastenings with supplementary reinforcement	p. 93
7.3.2 Steel failure	p. 93
7.3.3 'Pull-out failure	p. 93
7.3.4 Concrete cone failure	p. 93
7.3.5 Splitting	p. 94
7.3.6 Local concrete break-out (blow-out)	p. 94
7.3.6.1 Characteristic resistance of a single headed fastener	p. 95
7.3.6.2 Effect of spacing and further edge distances	p. 95
7.3.6.3 Free component edges	p. 97
7.3.6.4 Effect of the bearing area on the behaviour of groups	p. 97
7.3.6.5 Effect of load eccentricity	p. 97
7.3.6.6 Effect of the position of the fastening	p. 98
7.3.7 Steel failure of the supplementary reinforcement	p. 98
7.3.8 Anchorage failure of the supplementary reinforcement in the concrete cone	p. 98
7.4 Shear load	p. 99
7.4.1 Required verifications	p. 99
7.4.1.1 Fastenings without supplementary reinforcement	p. 99
7.4.1.2 Fastenings with supplementary reinforcement	p. 99
7.4.2 Steel failure of the headed fastener	p. 99
7.4.3 Concrete pry-out failure	p. 99
7.4.4 Concrete edge failure	p. 99
7.4.5 Steel failure of the supplementary reinforcement	p. 99
7.4.6 Anchorage failure of the supplementary reinforcement in the concrete break-out body	p. 100
7.5 Combined tension and shear load	p. 100
8 Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis for anchor channels	p. 101
8.1 General	p. 101
8.2 Tension forces in the supplementary reinforcement	p. 103
8.2.1 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement in case of tension loaded anchor channels	p. 103
8.2.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement in case of shear loaded anchor channels	p. 104
8.3 Tension load	p. 104
8.3.1 Required verifications	p. 104
8.3.1.1 Anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement	p. 104
8.3.1.2 Anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement	p. 105
8.3.2 Steel failure of channel bolt and channel	p. 105
8.3.3 Pull-out failure	p. 105
8.3.4 Concrete cone failure	p. 105
8.3.4.1 Characteristic resistance of a single anchor	p. 105
8.3.4.2 Effect of neighbouring anchors	p. 106
8.3.4.3 Effect of edges of the concrete member	p. 108
8.3.4.4 Effect of a comer of the concrete member	p. 109
8.3.4.5 Effect of dense surface reinforcement (shell spalling)	p. 109
8.3.4.6 Effect of the anchor channel position	p. 109
8.3.4.7 Effect of a narrow member	p. 110
8.3.5 Splitting of the concrete	p. 111
8.3.6 Blow-out failure	p. 111
8.3.7 Steel- and anchorage failure of the supplementary reinforcement	p. 112
8.4 Shear loads	p. 112
8.4.1 Required verifications	p. 112
8.4.2 Channel bolt (special screw) and local flexure of channel lip	p. 112
8.4.3 Concrete pry-out failure	p. 112
8.4.4 Concrete edge failure	p. 113
8.4.4.1 Characteristic resistance of one anchor (basic resistance)	p. 113
8.4.4.2 Influence of neighbouring anchors	p. 113
8.4.4.3 Effect of a comer	p. 115
8.4.4.4 Effect of the thickness of the structural component	p. 116
8.4.4.5 Effect of load parallel to the edge	p. 117
8.4.4.6 Effect of the anchor channel position	p. 117
8.4.4.7 Effect of a narrow member	p. 118
8.4.4.8 Steel and anchorage failure of the supplementary reinforcement	p. 119
8.5 Combined tension and shear loads	p. 119
9 Plastic design approach, fastenings with headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners	p. 121
9.1 General	p. 121
9.2 Conditions of application	p. 121
9.3 Distribution of external forces to the fasteners of a group	p. 123
9.4 Design of fastenings	p. 125
10 Durability	p. 127
10.1 General	p. 127
10.2 Fasteners in dry, internal conditions	p. 127
10.3 Fasteners in external atmospheric or in permanently damp internal exposure and high corrosion exposure	p. 127
10.3.1 Fastenings in external atmospheric or in permanently damp internal exposure	p. 128
10.3.2 Fasteners in high corrosion exposure by chloride and sulphur dioxide	p. 128
11 Exposure to fire	p. 131
11.1 General	p. 131
11.2 Basis of design	p. 132
11.3 Resistances under tension and shear load	p. 135
11.3.1 Steel failure under tension load and shear load	p. 135
11.3.2 Steel failure under shear load with lever arm	p. 136
11.3.3 Pull-out under tension load	p. 136
11.3.4 Concrete break-out under tension load and concrete pry-out failure under shear load	p. 136
11.3.5 Concrete edge failure under shear load	p. 137
12 Seismic loading	p. 139
12.1 General	p. 139
12.2 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004 (Eurocode 8)	p. 139
12.3 Verification of seismic loading	p. 141
12.3.1 General	p. 141
12.3.2 Derivation of actions	p. 142
12.3.3 Resistance	p. 142
13 Outlook	p. 145
References	p. 147
Index	p. 153

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Author Notes

Table of Contents