Terrorism informatics : knowledge management and data mining for homeland security

Terrorism informatics has been defined as the application of advanced methodologies, information fusion and analysis techniques to acquire, integrate process, analyze, and manage the diversity of terrorism-related information for international and homeland security-related applications. The variety of methods used in terrorism informatics are derived from Computer Science, Informatics, Statistics, Mathematics, Linguistics, Social Sciences, and Public Policy and they involve the collection of a mass of information from multiple sources and in numerous languages.

TERRORISM INFORMATICS: Knowledge Management and Data Mining for Homeland Security will provide an interdisciplinary and comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art of terrorism informatics domain along three basic dimensions: methodological issues in terrorism research; information infusion techniques to support terrorism prevention, detection, and response; and legal, social, privacy, and data confidentiality challenges and approaches.

Author Notes

The lead author is an editor for the IEEE Int. conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics and the founder of ISI conferences.

Mihaela Bobeica and Jean-Paul Jéral and Teofilo Garcia and Clive Best Chapter Overview

Preface	p. xv
Editor Biographies	p. xix
Author Biographies	p. xxv
Unit I Methodological Issues In Terrorism Research
Chapter 1 Domain Mapping of Contemporary Terrorism ResearchEdna Reid and Hsinchun Chen
Chapter Overview	p. 3
1 Introduction	p. 4
2 Related Work	p. 4
3 Research Design	p. 8
4 Results	p. 11
5 Conclusion	p. 20
6 Acknowledgements	p. 21
References	p. 21
Appendix: List of 42 Influential Terrorism Researchers	p. 23
Suggested Readings	p. 26
Online Resources	p. 26
Discussion Questions	p. 26
Chapter 2 Research on Terrorism: A Review of the Impact of 9/11 and the Global War on TerrorismAndrew Silke
Chapter Overview	p. 27
1 Introduction	p. 28
2 The Nature of This Review	p. 32
3 Trends in Data-Gathering and Analysis	p. 33
4 Research on Terrorist Groups	p. 38
5 Research on Terrorist Tactics	p. 41
6 Some Conceptual Issues	p. 44
7 Conclusions	p. 46
References	p. 48
Suggested Readings	p. 49
Discussion Questions	p. 49
Chapter 3 Who Are the Key Figures in ""Terrorism Studies""?Sam Raphael
Chapter Overview p. 51
1 Introduction	p. 52
2 Constructing the Framework: The Multiplicity of ""Terrorism Studies,"" the Role of the Audience, and the Importance of Methdological Rigor	p. 53
3 Employing the Framework: Selecting the Time Period; Constructing the Research Community	p. 56
4 Constructing the Audience	p. 59
5 Measuring the Opinions of the Relevant Audience: What Does the Peer Research Community Think?	p. 60
Establishing the Threshold: Exactly What Determines an Expert as Key?	p. 62
Conclusion	p. 67
References and Footnotes	p. 69
Suggested Readings	p. 72
Discussion Questions	p. 72
Chapter 4 Interviewing Terrorists: A Case for Primary ResearchJohn Horgan
Chapter Overview	p. 73
1 Introduction	p. 74
2 Procuring Interviews	p. 75
3 A Case Illustration: Interviews with the IRA	p. 79
4 Finding and ""Collecting"" Participants	p. 80
5 A Case Example: Interviewing a Terrorist	p. 85
6 Interview Considerations	p. 89
7 Issues of Validity and Reliability	p. 94
8 Conclusions	p. 96
Post-Script	p. 97
References	p. 97
Suggested Readings	p. 99
Discussion Questions	p. 99
Chapter 5 Resolving a Terrorist Insurgency by Addressing Its Root CausesJoshua Sinai
1 Introduction	p. 102
2 Why Root Causes Are Significant	p. 103
3 How to Resolve a Conflict's Root Causes	p. 106
Conclusion	p. 111
References and Footnotes	p. 112
Suggested Readings	p. 114
Online Resources	p. 114
Discussion Questions	p. 114
Chapter 6 A Quantitative Analysis of ""Root Causes of Conflict""	p. 115
1 Introduction	p. 116
2 Conflict Indicators and Automatic Data Analysis for Early Warning	p. 117
3 LSA Applied to English Articles in EMM	p. 120
4 Results and Discussion	p. 124
5 Conclusions and Future Work	p. 131
References	p. 132
Suggested Readings	p. 133
Online Resources	p. 133
Discussion Questions	p. 133
Appendix 1 Tables	p. 134
Appendix 2 Conflict Indicators	p. 136
Appendix 3 Figures	p. 137
Appendix 4 Word Lists	p. 139
Chapter 7 Countering Terrorism with KnowledgeJames O. Ellis III
Chapter Overview	p. 141
1 Introduction	p. 142
2 Problems in Researching Terrorism	p. 142
3 Problems in Terrorism Research	p. 144
4 Problems in Terrorism Databases	p. 145
5 MIPT as an Information Clearinghouse	p. 147
6 MIPT-Funded Terrorism Databases	p. 149
7 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base	p. 150
8 Better Knowing What We Know about Terrorism	p. 151
9 Acknowledgements	p. 153
References	p. 153
Suggested Readings	p. 154
Online Resources	p. 154
Discussion Questions	p. 155
Chapter 8 Toward a Target-specific Method of Threat AssessmentYael Shahar
Chapter Overview	p. 157
1 Introduction	p. 158
2 Methodology	p. 158
3 Organization-specific Indicators	p. 160
4 Synthesis	p. 169
5 Summary: Scenarios Most Likely to Be Carried out by Relevant Terrorist Groups	p. 171
6 Conclusion	p. 172
Suggested Readings	p. 173
Online Resources	p. 174
Discussion Questions	p. 174
Chapter 9 Identifying and Exploiting Group Learning Patterns for CounterterrorismHoracio R. Trujillo and Brian A. Jackson
Chapter Overview	p. 175
1 Introduction	p. 176
2 Organizational Learning	p. 177
3 A Four Stage Model of Organizational Learning	p. 178
4 Paths of Organizational Learning	p. 182
5 Determinants of Organizational Learning	p. 183
6 How an Organizational Learning Model Can Inform the Design of Terrorism Informatics Systems	p. 186
7 Conclusions and Discussion	p. 190
8 Acknowledgements	p. 191
Notes	p. 192
References	p. 194
Suggested Readings	p. 195
Online Resources	p. 195
Discussion Questions	p. 195
Chapter 10 Homeland Insecurity: Data Mining, Privacy, Disclosure Limitation, and the Hunt for TerroristsStephen E. Fienberg
Chapter Overview	p. 197
1 Introduction	p. 198
2 Homeland Security and the Search for Terrorists	p. 200
3 Matching and Record Linkage Methods	p. 203
4 Encryption, Multi-party Computation, and Privacy-preserving Datamining	p. 205
5 Selective Revelation, Risk-utility Tradeoff, and Disclosure Limitation Assessment	p. 207
6 Analyzing Network Data Based on Transactions	p. 210
7 Conclusions	p. 212
8 Acknowledgments	p. 214
Notes	p. 214
References	p. 215
Suggested Readings	p. 217
Discussion Questions	p. 218
Unit II Terrorism Informatics To Support Prevention, Detection, And Response
Chapter 11 Case Study of Jihad on the Web: A Web Mining ApproachHsinchun Chen and Jialun Qin and Edna Reid and Yilu Zhou and Marc Sageman
Chapter Overview	p. 221
1 Introduction	p. 222
2 Previous Research	p. 222
3 Proposed Approach	p. 225
4 Analysis Results	p. 228
5 Discussion and Future Work	p. 233
References	p. 234
Suggested Readings	p. 235
Online Resources	p. 235
Discussion Questions	p. 235
Chapter 12 Studying Global Extremist Organizations' Internet Presence Using the Dark Web Attribute System: A Three Region Comparison StudyJialun Qin and Yilu Zhou and Edna Reid and Hsinchun Chen
Chapter Overview	p. 237
1 Introduction	p. 238
2 Literature Review	p. 239
3 Studying Global Extremist Organizations' Internet Usage: A Three-Region Empirical Study	p. 243
4 Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 261
References	p. 263
Suggested Readings	p. 265
Online Resources	p. 265
Discussion Questions	p. 266
Chapter 13 Content Analysis of Jihadi Extremist Groups' VideosArab Salem and Edna Reid and Hsinchun Chen
Chapter Overview p. 267
1 Introduction	p. 268
2 Related Work	p. 269
3 Methodology	p. 272
4 Results	p. 276
5 Conclusion	p. 280
6 Acknowledgements	p. 281
References	p. 281
Suggested Readings	p. 283
Online Resources	p. 283
Discussion Questions	p. 284
Chapter 14 Analysis of Affect Intensities in Extremist Group ForumsAhmed Abbasi and Hsinchun Chen
Chapter Overview p. 285
1 Introduction	p. 286
2 Related Work	p. 287
3 Research Gaps and Questions	p. 292
4 Research Questions	p. 293
5 Research Design	p. 294
6 System Design	p. 294
7 Evaluation	p. 297
8 Results	p. 300
9 Conclusions	p. 303
References	p. 304
Suggested Readings	p. 306
Online Resources	p. 306
Discussion Questions	p. 307
Chapter 15 Document Selection for Extracting Entity and Relationship Instances of Terrorist EventsZhen Sun and Ee-Peng Lim and Kuiyu Chang and Maggy Anastasia Suryanto and Rohan Kumar Gunaratna
Chapter Overview p. 309
1 Introduction	p. 310
2 Literature Review	p. 313
3 Domain Specific Event Entity Relation Extraction Task with Document Ranking	p. 317
4 Case Studies	p. 325
5 Conclusions and Discussion	p. 343
6 Acknowledgements	p. 344
References	p. 344
Suggested Readings	p. 346
Online Resources	p. 346
Discussion Questions	p. 346
Chapter 16 Data Distortion Methods and Metrics in a Terrorist Analysis SystemShuting Xu and Jun Zhang
Chapter Overview p. 347
1 Introduction	p. 348
2 Terrorist Analysis System	p. 350
3 Data Distortion	p. 350
4 Data Distortion Measures	p. 354
5 Utility Measure	p. 357
6 Experiments and Results	p. 358
7 Conclusions and Discussions	p. 361
References	p. 362
Suggested Readings	p. 364
Online Resources	p. 364
Discussion Questions	p. 364
Chapter 17 Content-Based Detection of Terrorists Browsing the Web Using an Advanced Terror Detection System (ATDS)Yuval Elovici and Bracha Shapira and Mark Last and Omer Zaafrany and Menahem Friedman and Moti Schneider and Abraham Kandel
Chapter Overview p. 365
1 Introduction	p. 366
2 Related Work	p. 367
3 Advanced Terrorist Detection System	p. 368
4 Evaluation	p. 374
5 Conclusions and Discussion	p. 381
6 Acknowledgements	p. 382
References	p. 382
Suggested Readings	p. 384
Online Resources	p. 384
Discussion Questions	p. 384
Chapter 18 Text Mining the Biomedical Literature for Identification of Potential Virus/Bacterium as Bio-terrorism WeaponsXiaohua Hu and Xiaodan Zhang and Daniel Wu and Xiaohua Zhou and Peter Rumm
Chapter Overview p. 385
1 Introduction	p. 386
2 Related Works	p. 387
3 Background of Virus and Bacterium	p. 387
4 Method	p. 389
5 Experimental Results	p. 394
6 Potential Significance for Public Health and Homeland Security	p. 404
7 Acknowledgements	p. 404
References	p. 404
Suggested Readings	p. 405
Online Resources	p. 405
Discussion Questions	p. 405
Chapter 19 Leveraging One-Class SVM and Semantic Analysis to Detect Anomalous ContentOzgur Yilmazel and Svetlana Symonenko and Niranjan Balasubramanian and Elizabeth D. Liddy
Chapter Overview p. 407
1 Introduction	p. 408
2 Overview of Related Work	p. 409
3 Case Study: One-class Categorization Approach to the Problem of Identifying Anomalous Content	p. 411
4 Conclusions and Discussion	p. 420
References	p. 421
Acknowledgements	p. 423
Suggested Readings	p. 423
Online Resources	p. 423
Discussion Questions	p. 423
Chapter 20 Individual and Collective Analysis of Anomalies in Message TrafficD.B. Skillicorn
Chapter Overview p. 425
1 Introduction	p. 426
2 Analysis of Single Messages	p. 428
3 Analysis of Multiple Messages	p. 435
4 Conclusions	p. 447
5 Acknowledgements	p. 448
References	p. 448
Suggested Readings	p. 449
Discussion Questions	p. 449
Chapter 21 Addressing Insider Threat through Cost-Sensitive Document ClassificationYoung-Woo Seo and Katia Sycara
Chapter Overview p. 451
1 Introduction	p. 452
2 Related Work	p. 454
3 Overview	p. 455
4 Classification for Confidential Authorization	p. 457
5 Experiments	p. 461
6 Conclusion	p. 468
7 Acknowledgments	p. 470
References	p. 470
Suggested Readings	p. 471
Online Resources	p. 472
Discussion Questions	p. 472
Chapter 22 Using Web Mining and Social Network Analysis to Study the Emergence of Cyber Communities in BlogsMichael Chau and Jennifer Xu
Chapter Overview	p. 473
1 Introduction	p. 474
2 Research Background	p. 475
3 Research Questions	p. 479
4 A Framework for Blog Collection and Analysis	p. 480
5 A Case Study on Xanga	p. 483
6 Conclusion and Future Directions	p. 488
7 Acknowledgements	p. 489
References	p. 489
Appendix	p. 492
Suggested Readings	p. 493
Online Resources	p. 493
Discussion Questions	p. 493
Chapter 23 Automatic Extraction of Deceptive Behavioral Cues from VideoThomas O. Meservy and Matthew L. Jensen and W. John Kruse and Judee K. Burgoon and Jay F. Nunamaker Jr.
Chapter Overview	p. 495
1 Introduction	p. 496
2 Literature Review	p. 496
3 Research Method and Examples	p. 501
4 Experiments and Results	p. 510
5 Conclusion	p. 512
6 Acknowledgements	p. 513
References	p. 513
Suggested Readings	p. 515
Online Resources	p. 515
Discussion Questions	p. 516
Chapter 24 Situational Awareness Technologies for Disaster ResponseNaveen Ashish and Ronald Eguchi and Rajesh Hegde and Charles Huyck and Dmitri Kalashnikov and Sharad Mehrotra and Padhraic Smyth and Nalini Venkatasubramanian
Chapter Overview	p. 517
1 Introduction	p. 518
2 Situational Awareness	p. 523
3 Event Extraction	p. 527
4 Event Data Management	p. 531
5 Event Analysis and Visualization	p. 534
6 Artifacts	p. 539
7 Conclusion	p. 541
8 Acknowledgements	p. 542
References	p. 543
Online Resources	p. 544
Questions for Discussion	p. 544
Author Index	p. 545
Subject Index	p. 547

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