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Summary
Summary
"Literature for Composition" offers the finest writing and argument coverage, helpful discussions of the literary elements, compelling case studies, and a diverse array of selections. The book includes complete coverage of the writing process, three chapters devoted to argument, complete chapters on interpretation and evaluation, coverage of the literary elements and the study of visual images, and case studies. The book opens with five chapters devoted to reading, writing, and argument. An entire chapter on critical thinking equips readers with a foundation upon which to study the chapters on the literary forms that follow. An anthology is organized around six engaging themes. Special chapters on visuals and film along with ten case studies offer additional resources. For those interested in the study and composition of literature.
Author Notes
Sylvan Saul Barnet was born in Brooklyn, New York on December 11, 1926. During World War II, he served in the Army for two years. He received a bachelor's degree in English from New York University in 1948 and a master's degree in 1950 and a doctorate in 1954 from Harvard University. For the next three decades, he taught freshman writing and literature at Tufts University.
He wrote or edited numerous textbooks including An Introduction to Literature, A Short Guide to Writing About Literature, A Short Guide to Writing About Art, The Study of Literature: A Handbook of Critical Essays and Terms, and Critical Thinking, Reading and Writing: A Brief Guide to Argument.
In the early 1960s, he decided that his students at Tufts University needed an edition of Shakespeare with each play in a separate volume including an introduction and study aids. He presented the idea to editors at the New American Library. The editors approved of the idea and Barnet became the general editor of the Signet Classic Shakespeare series. He was the co-author with William Burto of Zen Ink Paintings, which was published in 1982. He died of cancer on January 11, 2016 at the age of 89.
(Bowker Author Biography)
Table of Contents
I Getting Started |
1 The Writer as Reader: Reading and Responding |
Ripe FigsKate Chopin |
Reading as Re-Creation |
Making Reasonable Inferences |
Reading with Pen in Hand |
Recording Your First Responses |
Audience and Purpose |
A Writing Assignment on Ripe Figs |
The Assignment |
A Sample Student Essay: Ripening |
Other Possibilities for Writing |
2 The Reader as Writer: Developing a Thesis, Drafting, and Writing an Argument |
Pre-Writing: Getting Ideas |
Annotating a Text |
More about Getting Ideas: A Second Story by Kate Chopin |
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour |
Brainstorming for Ideas for Writing |
Focused Free Writing |
Listing |
Asking Questions |
Keeping a Journal |
Critical Thinking: Arguing with Yourself |
Arriving at a Thesis, and Arguing It |
Writing a Draft |
A Sample Draft: Ironies in an Hour |
Revising a Draft |
Outlining a Draft |
Peer Review |
The Final Version (Sample Student Essay): Ironies of Life in Kate Chopin's 'The Story of an Hour' |
A Brief Overview of the Final Version |
Writing with a Word Processor |
A Checklist for Writing with a Word Processor |
A Third Story by Kate Chopin, The Storm |
Writing about The Storm |
A Note about Literary Evaluations |
3 What Is Literature? |
Literature and Form |
Literature and Meaning |
Arguing about Meaning |
Form and Meaning |
Robert Frost, The Span of Life, |
The Literary Canon |
Literature, Texts, Discourses, and Cultural Studies |
In Brief: A Contemporary |
Author Speaks about Literature |
Suggestions for Further Reading |
A Casebook on The Titanic: Songs, Poems, and an Essay on a Film |
Columbia Encyclopedia, Titanic |
The Convergence of the TwainThomas Hardy |
The Titanic and Folk Songs |
The Titanic (with music), Anonymous |
The Titanic, Anonymous |
The Titanic (with music)Huddie Leadbetter |
Three Poems for Study |
The Arrival of the TitanicWilliam Dickey |
ReliquaryMichael Donaghy |
TitanicDavid R. Salvitt |
Film and Literature |
An Essay on James Cameron's Film, Titanic |
Women and Children FirstKatha Pollitt |
4 Reading Literature Closely: (1) Explication |
Reading in Slow Motion |
A Sample Explication: Langston Hughes's Harlem |
HarlemLangston Hughes |
Working Toward an Explication of Harlem |
Some Journal Entries |
A Sample Student Essay (The Final Draft): Langston Hughes's 'Harlem' |
Why Write? Purpose and Audience |
Five Poems for Explication |
Sonnet 73 (That time of year thou mayst in me behold)William Shakespeare |
LondonWilliam Blake |
SpellboundEmily BrontÃ(c) |
I Ask My Mother to SingLi-Young Lee and Martin Luther King and Gwendolyn Brooks |
5 Reading Literature Closely: (2) Analysis |
The Judgment of Solomon |
Analyzing the Story |
Other Possible Topics for Analysis |
The Parable of the Prodigal Son |
Comparison: An Analytic Tool |
A Sample Student Essay Making a Comparison: Two New Women |
Evaluation in Explication and Analysis |
Choosing a Topic and Developing a Thesis in an Analytic Paper |
An Analysis of a Story |
The Secret Life of Walter MittyJames Thurber |
Some Journal Entries |
List Notes |
Sample Draft by a student: Walter Mitty Is No Joke |
Introductions, Middles, Endings |
Introductory Paragraphs |
Middle Paragraphs |
Concluding Paragraphs |
A Checklist for Revising Paragraphs |
Review: Writing an Analysis |
A Word about Technical Terminology |
Example: A Lyric and a Student's Essay |
Aphra Behn, Song: Love Armed |
Journal Entries |
A Sample Student Essay: The Double Nature of Love |
Editing Checklist: Questions to Ask Yourself |
Three Short Stories for Analysis |
Roger Malvin's Burial, Nathaniel Hawthorne |
Everyday UseAlice Walker |
El Tonto del BarrioJosÃ(c) Armas |
Three Poems by Elizabeth Bishop |
Filling Station |
The Fish |
Brazil, January 1, 1502 |
6 Other Kinds of Writing about Literature |
Summary |
Paraphrase |
What is Paraphrase? |
The Value of Paraphrase |
Literary Response |
Writing a Literary Response |
A Sample Student Story Based on a Story: The Ticket(A Different View of The Story of an Hour) |
A Poem Based on a Poem: William Blake, The Tyger, X. J. Kennedy For Allen Ginsberg Parody |
Reviewing a Dramatic Production |
A Sample Student Review: An Effective Macbeth |
The Review Reviewed |
II Up Close: Thinking Critically About Literary Works And Literary Forms |
7 Critical Thinking: Asking Questions and Making Comparisons |
What Is Critical Thinking? |
Asking and Answering Questions |
Sitting Bull and Buffalo BillWilliam Notman |
Comparing and Contrasting |
Analyzing and Evaluating Evidence |
Thinking Critically about a Work of Literature, and Asking Questions and by Comparing: e.e. cummings's Buffalo Bill's |
Two Encyclopedia Accounts of Sitting Bull: An Exercise in Close Reading and Critical Thinking |
8 Reading (and Writing about) Essays |
Some Kinds of Essays |
The Essayist's Persona |
Tone |
Pre-writing |
Black Men and Public SpaceBrent Staples |
Summarizing |
Some Writing Assignments |
Five Essays |
A Modest ProposalJonathan Swift |
The Death of the MothVirginia Woolf |
SalvationLangston Hughes |
A Woman's LandSallie Bingham |
The American Indian WildernessLouis Owens |
9 Reading (and Writing about) Fiction |
Stories True and False |
SamuelGrace Paley |
Plot and Character |
Foreshadowing |
Setting and Atmosphere |
Symbolism |
Narrative Point of View |
Determining and Discussing the Theme |
Six Short Stories |
The Cask of AmontilladoEdgar Allan Poe |
GriefAnton Chekhov |
A Worn PathEudora Welty |
The LessonToni Cade Bambara |
PowderTobias Wolff |
In the GloamingAlice Elliot Dark |
10 Thinking Critically about a Short Story |
A Casebook on Ralph Ellison's Battle Royal |
Battle RoyalRalph Ellison |
Atlanta Exposition AddressBooker T. Washington |
On Our Spiritual StrivingsW.E.B. Du Bois |
On Social EqualityGunnar Myrdal |
On Negro Folklore |
Ralph Ellison |
Life in Oklahoma CityRalph Ellison |
11 Reading (and Writing about) Drama |
Types of Plays |
Tragedy |
Comedy |
Elements of Drama |
Theme |
Plot |
Gestures |
Setting |
Characterization and Motivation |
Organizing an Analysis of a character |
First Draft |
Three Plays |
A Note on Greek Tragedy |
Oedipus Rex, Sophocles |
TriflesSusan Glaspell |
Harvey Fierstein,On Tidy Endings |
12 Thinking Critically about Drama |
A Sample Essay by a Student |
The Glass MenagerieTennessee Williams |
Production NotesTennessee Williams |
13 Reading (and Writing about) Poetry |
The Speaker and the Poet |
I'm Nobody! Who are you?Emily Dickinson |
Wild Nights Wild NightsEmily Dickinson |
The Language of Poetry: Diction and Tone |
Writing about the Speaker: Robert Frost's The Telephone |
Journal Entries |
Figurative Language |
Imagery and Symbolism |
The Sick RoseWilliam Blake |
Verbal Irony and Paradox |
Structure |
Upon Julia's ClothesRobert Herrick |
Student Essay: Herrick's JuliaJulia's Herrick |
In an Artist's StudioChristina Rossetti |
Explication |
An Example |
The Balloon of the MindWilliam Butler Yeats |
Annotations and Journal Entries |
A Sample Essay by a Student: Explication of W. B. Yeats's The Balloon of the Mind |
Rhythm and Versification: A Glossary for Reference |
Meter |
Patterns of Sound |
Stanzaic Patterns |
Blank Verse and Free Verse |
Fifteen Poems about People, Places, and Things |
People |
Sir Patrick Spence, Anonymous |
On My First SonBen Jonson |
My Last DuchessRobert Browning |
Anyone lived in a pretty new town, e.e. cummings |
The MotherGwendolyn Brooks |
DaddySylvia Plath |
Indian Boarding School: The RunawaysLouise Erdrich |
Places |
An Old Pond, Basho |
A Supermarket in CaliforniaAllen Ginsberg |
Lying in a Hammock at William Dufy's Farm in Pine Island, MinnesotaJames Wright |
Nothing in Heaven Functions as It OughtX. J. Kennedy |
Things |
The World Is Too Much with UsWilliam Wordsworth |
I like to see it lap the Miles-Emily Dickinson |
A noiseless patient spiderWalt Whitman |
Hawk, Mary Oliver |
14 Thinking Critically about Poetry |
A Casebook on Emily Dickinson |
I heard a Fly buzz-when I died- |
The Soul selects her own Society |
These are the days when Birds come back |
Papa above |
There's a certain Slant of light |
This World is not Conclusion |
I got so I could hear his name- |
Because I could not stop for Death |
Those-dying, then |
A Sample Essay by a Student: Religion and Religious Imagery in Emily Dickenson |
III Standing Back: Arguing Interpretations And Evaluations, And Understanding Critical Approaches |
15 Arguing an Interpretation |
Interpretation and Meaning |
Is the Author's Intention a Guide to Meaning? |
Is the Work the Author's or the Reader's? |
What Characterizes a Good Interpretation? |
An Example: Interpreting Pat Mora's Immigrants |
Thinking Critically about Responses to Literature |
Two Sample Interpretations |
Robert Frost's Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening |
Sample Essay by a Student: Stopping by Woods-and Going On |
Sample Essay by a Student: 'Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening' as a Short Story |
Additional Poems for Interpretation |
Mending WallRobert Frost |
Nothing Gold Can StayRobert Frost |
A Slumber Did My Spirit SealWilliam Wordsworth |
16 Arguing an Evaluation |
Criticism and Evaluation |
Evaluative Language and the Canon |
Are there Critical Standards? |
Morality and Truth as Standards |
Other Ways of Thinking about Truth and Realism |
Is Sentimentality a Weakness-And If So, Why? |
Little Boy BlueEugene Field |
Little ElegyX. J. Kennedy |
We Real CoolGwendolyn Brooks |
Additional Works for Evaluation |
Dover BeachMatthew Arnold |
The Dover BitchAnthony Hecht |
From the Wash the laundress sendsA. E. Housman |
The Man That Got AwayIra Gershwin |
WomenLouise Bogan |
An Occurrence at Owl Creek BridgeAmbrose Bierce |
17 Writing about Literature: An Overview |
Criticism as Argument: Assumptions and Evidence |
Some Critical Stances |
Formalist Criticism (New Criticism) |
Deconstruction |
Reader-Response Criticism |
Archetypal Criticism (Myth Criticism) |
Historical Scholarship |
Marxist Criticism |
New Historicism |
Biographical Criticism |
Psychological or Psychoanalytic Criticism |
Gender Criticism (Feminist, and Lesbian and Gay Criticism) |
Suggestions for Further Reading |
IV A Thematic Anthology |
18 Love and Hate |
Essays |
A Lover's DepartureSei Shonagon |
I Fell in Love, or My Hormones AwakenedJudith Ortiz Cofer |
Like MexicansGary Soto |
Love StoriesLouis Menand |
Fiction |
Cat in the RainErnest Hemingway |
Student's Annotations and Journal Entries on Cat in the Rain |
Asking Questions about a Story |
A Sample Student Essay: Hemingway's American Wife |
A Second Example: An Essay Drawing on Related Material in the Chapter |
The Happy PrinceOscar Wilde |
A Rose for EmilyWilliam Faulkner |
SweatZora Neale Hurston |
Popular MechanicsRaymond Carver |
Second-Hand ManRita Dove |
Poetry |
Western Wind, Anonymous |
Come Live with Me and Be My LoveChristopher Marlowe |
The Nymph's Reply to the ShepherdSir Walter Raleigh |
The BaitJohn Donne |
Sonnet 29 (When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes)William Shakespeare |
Sonnet 116 (Let me not to the marriage of true minds)William Shakespeare |
A Valediction: Forbidding MourningJohn Donne |
To His Coy MistressAndrew Marvell |
The Garden of LoveWilliam Blake |
A Poison TreeWilliam Blake |
Soliloquy of the Spanish CloisterRobert Browning |
When I Heard at the Close of the DayWalt Whitman |
I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak GrowingWalt Whitman |
A BirthdayChristina Rossetti |
The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockT. S. Eliot |
The Spring and the FallEdna St. Vincent Millay |
Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor DrinkEdna St. Vincent Millay |
The Silken TentRobert Frost |
Diving into the WreckAdrienne Rich |
NovellaAdrienne Rich |
XI.Adrienne Rich |
The Frog PrinceRobert Pack |
Love SongJoseph Brodsky |
QuarrelEllen Bryant Voight |
Love in PlaceNikki Giovanni |
ChivalryCarol Muske |
Drama |
The Man in a CaseWendy Wasserstein |
19 Gender Roles: Making Men and Women |
Essays |
Why Boys Don't Play with DollsKatha Pollitt |
I Want a WifeJudy Brady |
The Men We Carry in Our Minds . . . and How They Differ from the Real Lives of Most MenScott Russell Sanders |
Fiction |
The Yellow WallpaperCharlotte Perkins Gilman |
The Horse Dealer's DaughterD. H. Lawrence |
The Man Who Was Almost a ManRichard Wright |
ShilohBobbie Ann Mason |
BridgingMax Apple |
The RumorJohn Update |
TerritoryDavid Levant |
A Woman on a RoofDoris Lessing |
The TwoGloria Naylor |
Casebook on Alice Munro |
Boys and GirlsAlice Munro |
How I Met My HusbandAlice Munro |
The Children StayAlice Munro |
What Is Real? (Lecture)Alice Munro |
A Conversation (Interview)Alice Munro |
Poetry |
Three Nursery Rhymes |
What are little boys made of? |
Georgie Porgie |
The Milkmaid |
DaystarRita Dove |
Those Winter SundaysRobert Hayden |
MythMuriel Rukeyser |
My Papa's WaltzTheodore Roethke |
Wishes for SonsLucille Clifton |
Rites of PassageSharon Olds |
HomosexualityFrank O'Hara |
A Boy Named SueShel Silverstein |
I Stop Writing the PoemTess Gallagher |
Woman's WorkJulia Alvarez |
Is There Life After FeminismMaud Meehan |
Barbie DollMarge Piercy |
A Work of ArtificeMarge Piercy |
Drama |
A Doll's HouseHenrik Ibsen |
OleannaDavid Mamet |
20 Innocence and Experience |
Essays |
GraduationMaya Angelou |
Fiction |
ArabyJames Joyce |
One Friday MorningLangston Hughes |
Yoneko's EarthquakeHisaye Yamamoto |
A & PJohn Updike |
The Stolen PartyLiliana Heker |
Poems |
Infant JoyWilliam Blake |
Infant SorrowWilliam Blake |
The Echoing GreenWilliam Blake |
Spring and Fall: To a Young ChildGerard Manley Hopkins |
When I was One-and-Twenty (Shropshire Lad # 13)A. E. Housman |
Into my heart an Air That Kills, (Shropshire Lad #40)A. E. Housman |
In Just-, E.E. Cummings |
The School Children, Louise Glück |
Gretel in Darkness, Louise Glück |
Drama |
A Casebook on William Shakespeare's Hamlet |
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater |
A Note on the Text of Hamlet |
HamletWilliam Shakespeare |
Hamlet and OedipusErnst Jones |
The Promulgation of ConfusionAnne Barton |
On the First SoliloquyStanley Wells |
Representing OpheliaElaine Showalter |
Playing Gertrude for the BBC TV, 1980Claire Bloom |
The BBC Hamlet: A Television ProductionBernice W. Kliman |
At Elsinore, [A Review of Branagh's Film]Stanley Kauffmann |
Branagh's Hamlet [review]Will Saretta |
21 Identity in Pluralistic America |
Essays |
A Conflict of InterestZora Neale Hurston |
It's Hard Enough Being MeAnna Lisa Raya |
Goodbye, Saigon, FinallyAndrew Lam |
Fiction |
The Son from America, Isaac Bashevis Singer |
The Oriental ContingentDiana Chang |
The Red ConvertibleLouise Erdrich |
CathedralRaymond Carver |
Poetry |
The New ColossusEmma Lazarus |
The Unguarded GatesThomas Bailey Aldrich |
Ellis IslandJoseph Bruchac III |
Richard CoryEdwin Arlington Robinson |
Joe HillAlfred Hayes |
Child of the AmericasAurora Levins Morales |
To Live in the Borderlands Means YouGloria Anzaldà |
So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from AmericansJimmy Santiago Baca |
Theme for English BLangston Hughes |
For a White person who wants to know how to be my friendPat Parker |
To the LadyMitsuye Yamada |
Drama |
FencesAugust Wilson |
Casebook on American Indian Identity |
My Children, When at First I Liked the WhitesAnonymous Arapaho |
Father, Have Pity on MeAnonymous Arapaho |
The Indians' Welcome to the Pilgrim FathersLydia Howard Huntley Sigourney |
The Vanishing RedRobert Frost |
Three Thousand Dollar Death songWendy Rose |
Moving Camp Too Far, Nila Northsun 1963, Durango, Colorado |
On the Amtrak from Boston to New York CitySherman Alexie |
Representations-Visual and Verbal-of Pocahontas |
John Smith Saved by PocahontasJohn Smith |
Last Wish of PocahontasMiss Baker |
PocahontasGeorge P. Morris |
PocahontasMoses Y. Scott |
Pocahontas to Her English HusbandJohn Rolfe and Paula Gunn Allen |
Playing Indian in the NinetiesPauline Turner |
Review of Disney's PocahontasJohn d'Entremont |
22 Literary Visions: Poems and Paintings |
Thinking and Writing about Poems and Paintings |
Essays |
Van Gogh's BedJane Flanders |
The Great FigureWilliam Carlos Williams |
Mourning PictureAdrienne Rich |
Beauty and SadnessCathy Song |
The Rebirth of VenusMary Jo Salter |
The Starry NightAnne Sexton |
Musée des Beaux ArtsW. H. Auden |
Nude Descending a StaircaseX. J. Kennedy |
American FlamingoGreg Pape |
Brueghel's Two MonkeysWislawa Szymborska |
Luncheon on the GrassCarl Phillips |
Before the MirrorJohn Updike |
23 Religion and Society |
Essays |
God the Mother Rules-OK?Jill Tweedie |
Of the Sorrow SongsW.E.B. Du Bois |
Heaven in the Age of ReasonJeffrey L. Sheler |
Fiction |
Young Goodman BrownNathaniel Hawthorne |
If Not HigherI. L. Peretz |
The Jilting of Granny WeatherallKatherine Anne Porter |
The Man to Send Rain CloudsLeslie Marmon Silko |
Casebook on Flannery O'Connor |
A Good Man Is Hard To FindFlannery O'Connor |
RevelationFlannery O'Connor |
Remarks from Essays and LettersFlannery O'Connor |
On Interpreting A Good Man Is Hard To Find |
Flannery O'Connor |
Poetry |
A Note on the Psalms |
Psalm 19 |
Psalm 23 |
Psalm 121 There Is No God But He..., Qu'ran |
A Note on Spirituals |
Deep River, Anonymous |
Go Down, Moses, Anonymous |
Didn't My Lord Deliver Daniel, Anonymous |
Sonnet 146 (Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth)William Shakespeare |
Holy Sonnet XIV (Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth) |
Holy Sonnet XIV (Batter my heart, three-personed God)John Donne |
When I Consider How My Light is SpentJohn Milton |
UphillChristina Rossetti |
God's GrandeurGerard Manley Hopkins |
DesignRobert Frost |
Journey of the MagiT. S. Eliot |
NocturneGabriela Mistral |
Salvator Mundi: Via CrucisDenise Levertov |
On the Bus to UticaCarl Dennis |
Drama |
Antigone, Sophocles |
Appendix A Remarks about Manuscript Form |
Basic Manuscript Form |
Corrections in the Final Copy |
Quotations and Quotation Marks |
Quotation marks or Underlining? |
A Note on the Possessive |
Appendix B Writing a Research Paper |
What Research is Not, and What Research is |
Primary and Secondary Materials |
From Topic to Thesis |
Locating Materials: First Steps |
Other Bibliographic Aids |
Taking Notes |
Two Mechanical Aids: The Photocopier and the Word Processor |
A Guide to Note-Taking |
Drafting the Paper |
A Sense of Proportion |
Documentation |
What to Document: Avoiding Plagiarism |
How to Document: Footnotes and Internal Parenthetical Citations, and a list of works cited (MLA format) |
Appendix C New Approaches to the Research Paper: Literature, History, and the World Wide Web |
Case Study on Literature and History: The Internment of Japanese Americans |
Literary Texts |
Historical Sources |
Electronic Sources |
Evaluating Sources on the World Wide Web |
Documentation: Citing a WWW Source |
A Checklist: Citing WWW Sources |
Additional Print and Electronic Sources |
Appendix D Literary Research: Print and Electronic Resources |
Print Reference Sources |
Other Reference Resources |
Bibliographies |
Electronic Sources |
Other Useful Sites on Authors |
History-Reference and Bibliography Sources |
For General Bibliography in the Humanities |
For Evaluating the Point of View, the Content, and the Intended Audience of Sources |
Other Resources |
What Does Your Own Institution Offer? |
Appendix E Glossary of Literary Terms |
Credits |
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems |
Index of Terms |
Editing Checklist: Questions to Ask Yourself (inside back cover) |