Reality, universal ontology, and knowledge systems : toward the intelligent world

The most thrilling and challenging intellectual issues of humanity - whether and how a consistent account of reality can be obtained, which field of knowledge is capable to deal with the whole of reality and its formal representation, and how powerful intelligent machines can be brought into existence - are research areas demanding innovative and comprehensive study.""Reality, Universal Ontology and Knowledge Systems: Toward the Intelligent World"" provides cutting-edge research on reality, its nature and fundamental structure, and how it may be effectively represented both by human minds and intelligent machines. Striving to describe a standard world model and universal formal ontology, it offers a uniformly organized human knowledge. It includes powerful reasoning systems, and secure communication interoperability between two species of intelligences, as well as existing human beings and nascent computing reasoning systems promising the profound revolution in human values and ways of life.

Preface	p. viii
Acknowledgment	p. xix
Chapter I Introduction: Towards the Intelligent Civilization of Ontological Technology	p. 1
What are Ontology and Computing Ontology?	p. 1
The Standard Ontology for Machines and People	p. 10
Knowledge Society and Ontological Technology	p. 16
References	p. 23
Chapter II Ways to View the World: A Standard Ontology as the Reality Framework and World Code	p. 28
Introduction	p. 28
Top-Level Ontologies and Languages: The State of the Art	p. 30
Ontological Fundamentals	p. 34
The Elements and Principles of Reality	p. 42
Carving Reality at its Joints, or the Ways to Classify Things, Beings, Entities, or Resources	p. 46
Conclusion	p. 54
References	p. 54
Chapter III The World Code: Mathematical Ontology as the Real Road to Reality	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
The Standard Model of Reality	p. 60
The Categories of the World	p. 70
Conclusion	p. 73
References	p. 74
Chapter IV What Makes Reality: Ontological Classes and Rules	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
The Pillars of Reality Modeling	p. 76
The Class of Substance (Objects, Material, and Nonmaterial)	p. 79
The Class of State (Properties, Qualities, and Quantities)	p. 86
The Class of Change (Actions, Activities, and Events)	p. 96
Conclusion	p. 106
References	p. 107
Chapter V What Orders Reality: Relationship, Relatives, and Relations	p. 108
Introduction	p. 108
How to Define and Describe Relations	p. 110
The Ontology of Relations	p. 111
A Universal Classification of Relations	p. 119
Conclusion	p. 123
References	p. 124
Chapter VI What Organizes the World: N-Relational Entities	p. 126
Introduction	p. 126
The Mathematics of Real Relationships	p. 128
The Formal Ontology of Relationships: N-Relational Model of Reality	p. 136
Conclusion	p. 143
References	p. 144
Chapter VII What Determines the World: Causality as the Life-or-Death Relationship	p. 146
Introduction	p. 146
A Unified Causal Theory: Causality, Inverse Causality, and Causation	p. 147
Causal Physics: Natural Processes, Forward, and Reverse	p. 154
Causal Mathematics: Formal Representation of Complex Reality	p. 160
Causal Sociology: Formal Representation of Social Reality	p. 168
Causal Reversibility as a Mechanism of the Real World, or the All-Embracing Totality of Reverse Causality	p. 173
Conclusion	p. 178
References	p. 178
Chapter VIII How to Reason about the World: The Common Reasoning Platform	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
The Real Logic of Things: The Kinds of Human and Machine Thinking	p. 182
Common Reasoning Environment: World Reasoning Rules and the Web Rules Language	p. 186
Conclusion	p. 195
References	p. 195
Chapter IX How the World is Signified: Real World Semantics, or What Meaning Relation is	p. 196
Introduction	p. 196
Ontology and Semantics	p. 198
Ontological Linguistics: A Unified Theory of Language	p. 201
Conclusion	p. 209
References	p. 209
Chapter X How to Represent the World: Ontology-Controlled Natural Languages	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Universal Namespace and Web Namespaces	p. 213
Prepositions and Adverbs: Nature, Meaning, and Classification	p. 227
Verb Space: Verbs, Predicates, and Entity Types	p. 229
Sentence Patterns: Sentences and RDF Triples	p. 236
Causal Statements: Syntax, Semantics, Ontology	p. 245
Conclusion	p. 252
References	p. 252
Chapter XI Natural Language Intelligences: The Virtual or Digital Aristotle	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
A Universal Query System: The Entity Categories for Question Answering Systems	p. 257
The Standard Ontology and the WordNet Taxonomy	p. 263
Conclusion	p. 271
References	p. 272
Chapter XII The Knowledge Society Applications: The RRR Language Machines	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
The RRR Machines: The Nature of Knowledge and World Knowledge Systems	p. 275
The Meaning Processing in the Virtual Aristotle	p. 281
Ontology Machinery and Universal Knowledge Transducer	p. 290
The Encyclopedic Knowledge Base of the Virtual Aristotle	p. 295
Conclusion	p. 299
References	p. 300
Chapter XIII Reality Classification System: A Product Line of the EIS UFO	p. 302
Introduction	p. 302
The USECS, Unified Standard Entity Classification System	p. 303
UFO and Upper Ontologies	p. 311
The Encyclopedic Knowledge Base of the Virtual Aristotle	p. 314
About the Author	p. 319
Index	p. 321

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