Industrial biofouling : detection, prevention, and control

Biofouling is a persistent problem for many industries including the water utility services, industrial water systems and the food and beverage industry. Industrial Biofouling provides a comprehensive and informative guide to biofouling in these particular industries. Taking a systematic and novel approach, the book describes the problems caused by biofouling, how and what to use to detect it and, ultimately, how to control it. Relevant examples and case studies are used to illustrate the practical problems faced by each industry. Written by international experts in the field, this book will be essential reading for industrialists, especially those designing water systems, water distribution managers, process water engineers, environmental microbiologists, food scientists, biomaterials scientists and those responsible for public health and reduction of cross contamination within the food industry. It will also be an excellent reference source for graduates and postgraduates studying biofilms.

Author Notes

James Walker is the editor of Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control , published by Wiley.

Susanne Surman is the editor of Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control , published by Wiley.

Jana Jass is the editor of Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control , published by Wiley.

J. Jass and J. T. WalkerA. K. Camper and G.A. McFetersE. J. FrickerJ. T. Walker and S. L. PercivalG. MortonS. L. PercivalH-C. Flemming and T. GriebeJ. Verran and M. JonesG. Wirtanen and E. Storgards and M. Saarela and S. Salo and T. Mattila-SandholmJ. F. FrankJ. T. Walker and J. Jass

Contributors	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Glossary	p. xv
1 Biofilms and Biofouling	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Biofilm formation	p. 2
Biofilm structure	p. 3
Advantages of growth within biofilms	p. 5
Problems of biofilms and biofouling in industry	p. 7
Control of biofilm	p. 9
Conclusion	p. 9
2 Biofouling in Drinking Water Systems	p. 13
2.1 Problems of Biofouling in Drinking Water Systems	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Regrowth in Distribution Systems	p. 15
Public Health Issues	p. 16
Bacteria	p. 17
Viruses and Protozoa (Giardia and Cryptosporidium)	p. 22
Management of biofilms in distribution systems	p. 23
Monitoring and testing for biofilms in distribution systems	p. 27
Future Directions	p. 31
2.2 Detection of Biofouling in Drinking Water Systems	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Scanning electron microscopy analysis	p. 40
The 'Robbins' device	p. 42
Preparation of biofilms for analysis	p. 42
Biofilm analysis using culture	p. 42
Atomic force microscopy analysis	p. 42
Biofilm activity measurement	p. 42
Microscopy-based detection methods	p. 45
Application of detection methods in environmental samples	p. 46
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy	p. 47
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	p. 48
In situ hybridization	p. 48
Other Molecular Techniques	p. 49
Summary of techniques	p. 50
2.3 Control of Biofouling in Drinking Water Systems	p. 55
Introduction to disinfection	p. 55
Effects of disinfectants on biofilms	p. 56
Chlorine	p. 57
Chloramines	p. 60
Chlorine dioxide	p. 61
Ozone	p. 63
Ultraviolet light	p. 64
Ionization	p. 66
Other biocides used in potable water	p. 67
Future methods in the control and removal of biofilms	p. 68
Disinfectant resistant organisms	p. 68
Overall control of biofilms in general	p. 69
Short term control of biofilms	p. 70
Long term control of biofilms in potable water	p. 71
Conclusion	p. 72
3 Biofouling in Industrial Waters and Processes	p. 77
3.1 Problems of Biofilms in Industrial Waters and Processes	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Biofouling and biodeterioration	p. 81
Biofouling of industrial waters	p. 81
Water systems	p. 81
Cooling towers	p. 82
Biofilms and pipelines	p. 82
Filtration systems	p. 84
Desalination	p. 84
Metal working fluids	p. 84
Biofouling of concrete in contact with water	p. 88
The resistance of biofilms to biocides	p. 91
3.2 Detection of Biofilms in Industrial Waters and Processes	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
The need for biofilm detection	p. 104
Industrial applications which require biofilm detection	p. 104
General approach of biofouling detection	p. 105
Field Tests applied to a detection system	p. 105
Laboratory tests applied to biofouling detection	p. 106
Detection and enumeration of microorganisms within processes	p. 107
Sampling devices as part of biofouling detection system	p. 108
Choice of monitoring device	p. 115
Examination of biofilms on sampling devices	p. 115
On-line monitoring	p. 119
Conclusion	p. 121
3.3 Control of Biofouling in Industrial Waters and Processes	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Detection of biofilms	p. 126
Sanitation	p. 128
Prevention	p. 133
Conclusion	p. 137
4 Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industry	p. 143
4.1 Problems of Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industry	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Microbiology	p. 146
Biofilm development	p. 150
Biofilms in the food industry	p. 154
Implications of Biofilms to the Food Industry	p. 158
Conclusions	p. 166
4.2 Detection of Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industry	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
Sampling from process surfaces for microbial assessment	p. 177
Tools in research and industrial use	p. 179
Future prospects for on-line monitoring of microbial deposits	p. 190
Summary of main methods in hygiene monitoring	p. 193
Conclusions	p. 194
4.3 Control of Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industry	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Controlling microbial attachment	p. 206
Controlling growth of attached microorganisms	p. 207
Removal of biofilm and product residues	p. 209
Surface disinfection	p. 214
Development of sanitizer resistant microflora	p. 217
Monitoring biofilm control	p. 219
5 Future Direction of Biofilm Research; Methodologies and Their Applications	p. 225
Biofilm research--the future direction	p. 225
Structure and communication	p. 225
When is a cell viable but non-culturable?	p. 227
Biofilm detection	p. 228
Index	p. 233

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Table of Contents