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Summary
Summary
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A PRACTICAL, FULL-COLOR GUIDE TO REMOTE SENSING
Written by an internationally renowned expert in the field, An Introduction to Contemporary Remote Sensing introduces the latest developments in remote sensing and imaging science. This book covers basic principles and discusses essential technologies, such as aerial photography, radar, Lidar (light detection and ranging), photogrammetry, satellites, thermal radiation, and much more. Full-color images illustrate the concepts presented, and review questions at the end of each chapter help reinforce learning. This detailed resource provides the solid foundation in remote sensing required for developing diverse geospatial applications.
Coverage includes:
Geographic information system (GIS) Global positioning system (GPS), mobile mapping, and Google Earth Electromagnetic radiation principles Characteristics of remotely sensed data Spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution Aerial photo interpretation Photogrammetry Remote sensors Earth observation satellites Digital image analysis Thermal remote sensing Active remote sensingAuthor Notes
Qihao Weng, Ph.D., is a professor of geography and the director of the Center for Urban and Environmental Change at Indiana State University. From 2008 to 2009, he visited NASA as a senior research fellow. Dr. Weng is also a guest/adjunct professor at Wuhan University and Beijing Normal University, and a guest research scientist at Beijing Meteorological Bureau. He currently serves as national director for the American Society for Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) and is an associate editor of ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. ix |
1 The Field of Remote Sensing | p. 1 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 3 |
1.2 How Does Remote Sensing Work? | p. 3 |
1.3 Characteristics of Remote Sensing Digital Images | p. 4 |
1.4 A Brief History of Remote Sensing | p. 6 |
1.5 Examples of Remote Sensing Applications | p. 8 |
1.5.1 Crop Irrigation in Kansas | p. 8 |
1.5.2 Urban Sprawl in Las Vegas, Nevada | p. 9 |
1.5.3 Remote Sensing of Aerosols | p. 11 |
1.5.4 Monitoring Forest Fire with High Temporal Resolution Satellite Imagery | p. 13 |
1.5.5 Remote Sensing Application in the Recovery at the World Trade Center | p. 14 |
1.6 Geographic Information Systems | p. 15 |
1.6.1 Why Geographic Information Systems? | p. 15 |
1.6.2 Raster GIS and Capabilities | p. 16 |
1.6.3 Vector GIS and Capabilities | p. 18 |
1.7 Global Positioning System and Mobile Mapping | p. 19 |
1.8 Google Earth | p. 21 |
1.9 Summary | p. 22 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 22 |
Review Questions | p. 23 |
References | p. 24 |
2 Electromagnetic Radiation Principles | p. 27 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 29 |
2.2 Principles of Electromagnetic Radiation | p. 29 |
2.3 Interactions with Earth Surface Materials | p. 36 |
2.4 Atmospheric Effects | p. 39 |
2.5 Summary | p. 42 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 42 |
Review Questions | p. 44 |
References | p. 45 |
3 Characteristics of Remotely Sensed Data | p. 47 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 49 |
3.2 Data Recording Methods | p. 49 |
3.2.1 Photographs | p. 49 |
3.2.2 Satellite Images | p. 51 |
3.3 Spatial Resolution | p. 53 |
3.4 Spectral Resolution | p. 56 |
3.5 Radiometric Resolution | p. 60 |
3.6 Temporal Resolution | p. 62 |
3.7 Summary | p. 64 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 65 |
Review Questions | p. 65 |
References | p. 66 |
4 Aerial Photo Interpretation | p. 69 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 71 |
4.2 Aerial Cameras | p. 71 |
4.3 Films and Filters | p. 75 |
4.4 Methods of Aerial Photo Interpretation | p. 80 |
4.5 Scale of Aerial Photography | p. 82 |
4.6 Spatial Resolution of Aerial Photography | p. ò |
4.7 Summary | p. 87 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 87 |
Review Questions | p. 88 |
References | p. 89 |
5 Photogrammetry Basics | p. 91 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 93 |
5.2 Types of Aerial Photos | p. 93 |
5.3 Geometry of Aerial Photography | p. 97 |
5.4 Image Displacement and Height Measurement | p. 101 |
5.4.1 Height Determination from a Single Aerial Photo | p. 102 |
5.4.2 Height Determination Using Stereoscopic Parallax | p. 103 |
5.5 Acquisition of Aerial Photos | p. 106 |
5.6 Stereoscopy | p. 109 |
5.7 Orthophotography | p. 112 |
5.8 Summary | p. 114 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 114 |
Review Questions | p. 116 |
References | p. 116 |
6 Remote Sensors | p. 119 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 121 |
6.2 Electro-Optical Sensors | p. 122 |
6.3 Across-Track Scanning Systems | p. 123 |
6.4 Linear-Array (Along-Track) Scanning Systems | p. 124 |
6.5 Thermal IR Sensors | p. 126 |
6.6 Passive Microwave and Imaging Radar Sensors | p. 129 |
6.7 Lidar | p. 132 |
6.8 Summary | p. 133 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 134 |
Review Questions | p. 135 |
References | p. 136 |
7 Earth Observation Satellites | p. 137 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 139 |
7.2 Satellite Orbital Characteristics | p. 139 |
7.3 Earth Resources Satellites | p. 144 |
7.3.1 The Landsat Satellite Program | p. 144 |
7.3.2 SPOT | p. 151 |
7.3.3 Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites | p. 155 |
7.3.4 MODIS | p. 155 |
7.4 Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellites | p. 162 |
7.4.1 NOAA POES Satellites | p. 162 |
7.4.2 GOES | p. 166 |
7.4.3 Envisat Meris | p. 169 |
7.4.4 Other Satellites | p. 172 |
7.5 Commercial Satellites | p. 178 |
7.5.1 IKONOS | p. 178 |
7.5.2 QuickBird | p. 179 |
7.6 Summary | p. 182 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 183 |
Review Questions | p. 185 |
References | p. 186 |
8 Digital Image Analysis | p. 187 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 189 |
8.2 Image Corrections | p. 190 |
8.3 Contrast Enhancement | p. 195 |
8.4 Spatial Enhancement | p. 197 |
8.5 Spectral Transformations | p. 200 |
8.6 Image Classification | p. 204 |
8.6.1 Image Classification Process | p. 204 |
8.6.2 Common Image Classifiers | p. 209 |
8.7 Hyperspectral Image Analysis | p. 212 |
8.8 Summary | p. 215 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 216 |
Review Questions | p. 220 |
References | p. 221 |
9 Thermal Remote Sensing | p. 223 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 225 |
9.2 Thermal Radiation Properties | p. 226 |
9.3 Thermal Infrared Atmospheric Windows | p. 226 |
9.4 Thermal Radiation Laws | p. 227 |
9.5 Thermal Properties of Terrestrial Features | p. 232 |
9.6 Characteristics of Thermal Images and Collection | p. 234 |
9.7 Thermal Image Interpretation | p. 237 |
9.8 Summary | p. 245 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 245 |
Review Questions | p. 247 |
References | p. 248 |
10 Active Remote Sensing | p. 249 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 251 |
10.2 Radar Principles | p. 252 |
10.3 Radar Imaging Geometry and Spatial Resolution | p. 256 |
10.4 Characteristics of Radar Images | p. 261 |
10.5 Radar Image Interpretation | p. 268 |
10.6 Lidar Principles | p. 272 |
10.7 Characteristics of Lidar Data | p. 274 |
10.8 Lidar Applications | p. 278 |
10.8.1 Topographic Mapping Applications | p. 278 |
10.8.2 Forestry Applications | p. 282 |
10.9 Summary | p. 285 |
Key Concepts and Terms | p. 286 |
Review Questions | p. 289 |
References | p. 290 |
Index | p. 293 |