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Summary
Summary
An In-Depth Introduction to Geothermal Energy
Addressing significant changes in the energy markets since the first edition, Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition expounds on the geothermal industry, exploring the expansion, growth, and development of geothermal systems. This text covers every area of geothermal energy, including environmental and economic issues, and technological advancements.
Considers the Vast Technological Achievements within the Geothermal Industry
Factoring in new concepts for distributed generation, hybrid technologies, and the development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), the book incorporates real-world examples designed to illustrate the key aspects of chapter topics. It provides case studies in nearly every chapter, and includes examples from the U.S., Iceland, France, and Japan.
Contains comprehensive, quantitative, and rigorous treatment of the geology, geochemistry, and geophysics of geothermal resources, and how they impact exploration, resource assessment, and operations Provides a state-of-the-art description of current Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Presents an objective description of the most recent economic comparisons including all energy resources Covers environmental issues of energy use and quantitative descriptions of the relative impacts of all renewable and non-renewable energy resources Describes geothermal resources from a global perspective, including direct use and geothermal heat pump applications, as well as power productionGeothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition can be used for undergraduate coursework; as a reference for designers, planners, engineers, and architects; and as a source of background material for policymakers, investors, and regulators.
Author Notes
William Glassley is the executive director of the California Geothermal Energy Collaborative. He has more than 30 years' experience in R&D in the earth sciences. The focus of his research has been in areas related to geothermal processes. He has held faculty appointments at several academic institutions. He was on the staff of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for more than 20 years. He currently is with the University of California. The author of more than 50 research articles in international journals, he has also participated on numerous national and international panels and working groups, and holds a doctorate in geochemistry.
Table of Contents
Introduction |
Global Energy Landscape |
Geothermal Energy as a Renewable Energy Source |
Electrical Demand and the Characteristics of Geothermal Energy |
How This Book Is Organized |
Synopsis |
Problems |
References |
Further Information Sources |
Sources of Geothermal Heat: The Earth as a Heat Engine |
Origin of the Earth's Heat |
Transfer of Heat in the Earth |
Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Geothermal Resources |
Classification of Geothermal Systems by Their Geological Context |
Availability and Utilization of Geothermal Energy |
Synopsis |
Case Studies |
Problems |
References |
Further Information |
Thermodynamics and Geothermal Systems |
First Law of Thermodynamics: Equivalence of Heat and Work and the Conservation of Energy |
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Inevitable Increase of Entropy |
Gibbs Function and Gibbs Energy (¿G) |
Thermodynamic Efficiency |
Synopsis |
Case Study: Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Rock-Water Interaction |
Problems |
References |
Additional Sources |
Subsurface Fluid Flow: Hydrology of Geothermal Systems |
General Model for Subsurface Fluid Flow |
Matrix Porosity and Permeability |
Fracture Porosity and Permeability |
Effect of Depth on Porosity and Permeability |
Hydrologic Properties of Real Geothermal Systems |
Synopsis |
Case Study: Long Valley Caldera |
Problems |
References |
Further Information Sources |
Chemistry of Geothermal Fluids |
Why the Geochemistry of Geothermal Fluids Matters |
Water as a Chemical Agent |
Components and Chemical Systems |
Saturation and the Law of Mass Action |
Kinetics of Geothermal Reactions |
Gases in Geothermal Fluids |
Fluid Flow and Mixing in Natural Systems |
Simulating Reactive Transport |
Synopsis |
Case Study: Silica System |
Problems |
References |
Exploring for Geothermal Systems: Geology and Geochemistry |
Classifying Geothermal Environments |
Classification of Geothermal Systems from a Regional Perspective |
Origin of Geothermal Fluids: Significance for Resource Exploration and Assessment |
Surface Manifestations |
Fluid Geochemistry as an Exploration Tool |
Fluid Inclusions |
Alteration and Exploration |
Synopsis |
Problems |
References |
Additional Information Sources |
Exploring for Geothermal Systems: Geophysical Methods |
Geophysics as an Exploration Tool: Aeromagnetic Surveys |
Resistivity and Magnetotelluric Surveys |
Gravity Surveys |
Seismicity and Reflection Seismology |
Temperature Measurements |
Remote Sensing as an Exploration Tool: Promising New Technique |
Synopsis |
Case Study: Fallon, Nevada |
Problems |
References |
Additional Information Sources |
Resource Assessments |
Assessing a Geothermal Resource |
Resource Base and Reserves |
Determining the Reservoir Volume |
Establishing the Reservoir Heat Content |
Significance of Heat Capacity |
Efficiency of Heat Extraction |
Synopsis |
Case Study: Establishing the US Geothermal Resource |
Problems |
References |
Further Information Sources |
Drilling |
Background |
Drilling for Geothermal Heat Pump and Direct-Use Applications |
Drilling for Geothermal Fluids for Power Generation |
Case Study: Kakkonda, Japan |
Problems |
References |
Further Information Sources |
Generating Power Using Geothermal Resources |
History of Geothermal Power Production |
Flexibility and Consistency |
General Features of Geothermal Power Generation Facilities |
Dry Steam Resources |
Hydrothermal Systems |
Binary Generation Facilities: Organic Rankine Cycle |
Synopsis |
Case Study: The Geysers |
Problems |
References |
Further Information |
Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources: Geothermal Heat Pumps |
Basic Heat Pump Principles |
Thermodynamics of Heat Pumps |
Coefficient of Performance and Energy Efficiency Ratio |
Near-Surface Thermal Reservoir |
Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity of Soils |
Design Considerations for Closed-Loop Systems |
Local Variability: Why Measurements Matter |
Synopsis |
Case Study: Weaverville and a US Cost-Benefit Analysis of GHP Installation |
Problems |
References |
Further Information |
Direct Use of Geothermal Resources |
Assessing the Magnitude of the Direct-Use Reservoir |
Nature of Thermal Energy Transfer |
Establishing the Feasibility of a Direct-Use Application |
District Heating |
Aquaculture |
Drying |
Synopsis |
Case Study: Canby Cascaded System |
Problems |
References |
Further Information |
Enhanced Geothermal Systems |
Concept of EGS |
Magnitude of EGS |
Characteristics of EGS |
History of Enhanced Geothermal System Development |
Reservoir Engineering |
Reservoir Management for Sustainability |
Synopsis |
Case Study: Newberry Volcano Enhanced Geothermal System |
Demonstration Project |
Problems |
References |
Additional Information Sources |
Use of Geothermal Resources: Economic Considerations |
Economics of Geothermal Power |
Economics of R&D Investment in Geothermal Energy |
Developing a Geothermal Project |
Alternative Economic Models |
Synopsis |
Problems |
References |
Further Information |
Use of Geothermal Resources: Environmental Considerations |
Emissions |
Solute Load and Resource Recovery |
Seismicity |
Ground Subsidence |
Water Use |
Land Use |
Synopsis |
Problems |
References |
Further Information |
Geothermal Energy Future: Possibilities and Issues |
History of Geothermal Emergence in the Market Place |
Geopressured Resources |
Supercritical Geothermal Fluids |
Thermoelectric Generation |
Flexible Generation |
Hybrid Geothermal Systems |
Synopsis |
Problems |
References |
Further Information |
Index |