Thermal use of shallow groundwater

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... FKA Library	32010000000164	TJ280.7 S72 2014	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
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The thermal use of the shallow subsurface is increasingly being promoted and implemented as one of many promising measures for saving energy. A series of questions arises concerning the design and management of underground and groundwater heat extraction systems, such as the sharing of the thermal resource and the assessment of its long-term potential. For the proper design of thermal systems it is necessary to assess their impact on underground and groundwater temperatures.

Thermal Use of Shallow Groundwater introduces the theoretical fundamentals of heat transport in groundwater systems, and discusses the essential thermal properties. It presents a complete overview of analytical and numerical subsurface heat transport modeling, providing a series of mathematical tools and simulation models based on analytical and numerical solutions of the heat transport equation. It is illustrated with case studies from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland of urban thermal energy use, and heat storage and cooling.

This book gives a complete set of analytical solutions together with MATLAB® computer codes ready for immediate application or design. It offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of analytical and numerical subsurface heat transport modeling for students in civil or environmental engineering, engineering geology, and hydrogeology, and also serves as a reference for industry professionals.

Author Notes

Fritz Stauffer is a retired professor from the Institute of Environmental Engineering at ETH Zrich.
Peter Bayer is a senior research associate at the Department of Earth Sciences at ETH Zrich.
Philipe Blum is an assistant professor for engineering geology at the Karisruhe Institute of Technology.
Nelson Molina-Giraldo is a groundwater modeler at Matrix Solutions, Inc., Canada.
Wolfgang Kinzelbach is a professor of hydromechanics and groundwater at ETH Zrich.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Authors	p. xv
Symbols	p. xix
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Motivation for the thermal use of underground or groundwater systems	p. 2
1.2 Importance of the local conditions	p. 4
1.2.1 Thermal regime	p. 4
1.2.2 Hydrological and hydrogeological conditions	p. 9
1.3 Technical systems	p. 10
1.3.1 Heat pumps	p. 10
1.3.2 Closed-and open-loop systems	p. 12
1.4 Energy demand and energy production	p. 16
1.5 Management of underground resources	p. 19
1.5.1 Seasonal operation of technical installations	p. 19
1.5.2 Water supply and thermal vise	p. 20
1.6 Impact on groundwater quality and ecology	p. 20
1.7 Geotechnical issues	p. 21
1.8 Regulatory issues	p. 24
1.8.1 Swiss regulation	p. 25
1.8.2 Austrian regulation	p. 29
1.8.3 British regulation	p. 29
1.8.4 German regulation	p. 30
1.9 Challenges related to design and management	p. 31
1.10 Scope of the book	p. 32
References	p. 32
2 Fundamentals	p. 37
2.1 Theory of water flow and heat transport in the subsurface	p. 37
2.1.1 Modeling hydraulic processes in porous media	p. 37
2.1.1.1 Flow in saturated and unsaturated porous media, Darcy's law	p. 37
2.1.1.2 Water mass balance, volume balance, flow equation	p. 44
2.1.1.3 Initial and boundary conditions	p. 49
2.1.1.4 Two-dimensional flow models for saturated regional water flow	p. 50
2.1.2 Modeling thermal processes in porous media	p. 52
2.1.2.1 Heat storage, heat capacity, and advective heat transport	p. 53
2.1.2.2 Heat conduction	p. 54
2.1.2.3 Dispersive and macrodispersive heat transport	p. 61
2.1.2.4 Heat transport equation	p. 68
2.1.2.5 Initial and boundary conditions	p. 72
2.1.2.6 Concepts for BHEs	p. 75
2.1.2.7 Coupling thermal transport with hydraulic models	p. 79
2.1.2.8 Two-dimensional heat transport models	p. 80
2.1.3 Integral water and energy balance equations for aquifers	p. 81
2.1.3.1 Rough estimation of the potential of an unconfined shallow aquifer for thermal use	p. 85
2.2 Thermal property values	p. 87
2.2.1 Heat capacity and thermal conductivity values	p. 87
References	p. 93
3 Analytical solutions	p. 101
3.1 Closed systems	p. 105
3.1.1 Instantaneous point source-three-dimensional conduction	p. 105
3.1.2 Moving point source-three-dimensional conduction and advection	p. 105
3.1.3 ILS-two-dimensional conduction	p. 106
3.1.4 Infinite cylindrical source-two-dimensional conduction	p. 109
3.1.5 FLS-three-dimensional conduction	p. 114
3.1.6 Finite cylindrical source-three-dimensional conduction	p. 118
3.1.7 Moving ILS-two-dimensional conduction and advection	p. 119
3.1.8 Moving FLS-three-dimensional conduction and advection	p. 126
3.1.9 Infinite plane source-one-dimensional conduction	p. 130
3.1.10 Moving infinite plane source-one-dimensional conduction and advection	p. 132
3.1.11 Steady-state injection into an aquifer with thermally leaky top layer	p. 134
3.1.12 Harmonic temperature boundary condition for one-dimensional conductive-advective heat transport	p. 135
3.1.12.1 One-dimensional vertical conductive heat transport	p. 135
3.1.12.2 One-dimensional horizontal conductiveldispersive-advective transport	p. 136
3.1.12.3 Horizontal layer embedded in conductive bottom and top layer	p. 138
3.2 Open systems	p. 140
3.2.1 Analytical solution for steady-state flow in multiple well systems	p. 142
3.2.1.1 Double well system in uniform flow field	p. 145
3.2.2 Linear flow	p. 152
3.2.3 Radial flow, infinite disk source	p. 155
3.2.4 Natural background groundwater flow	p. 156
References	p. 158
4 Numerical solutions	p. 163
4.1 Two-dimensional horizontal numerical solutions	p. 167
4.1.1 Analogy with solute transport models	p. 170
4.1.2 Analysis of steady-state open system in rectangular aquifer	p. 171
4.1.2.1 Scaled solution for open system in rectangular aquifer	p. 173
4.2 Multidimensional numerical solutions	p. 175
4.2.1 Principles of the finite difference method for heat transport	p. 176
4.2.2 Principles of the finite element method for heat transport	p. 181
4.2.3 Principles of the finite volume method for heat transport	p. 183
4.2.4 Principles of the method of characteristics for heat transport	p. 183
4.2.5 Principles of the random walk method for heat transport	p. 184
4.3 Strategy for coupled flow and heat transport	p. 185
4.4 Some available codes for thermal transport modeling in groundwater	p. 186
References	p. 190
5 Long-term operability and sustainability	p. 197
5.1 Systems in low permeable media	p. 197
5.2 Thermal evolution in aquifers	p. 202
5.3 Further criteria of sustainability	p. 204
References	p. 207
6 Field methods	p. 209
6.1 Hydro geological field methods	p. 209
6.2 Thermal response tests	p. 210
6.2.1 Development of TRTs	p. 210
6.2.2 Setup and application of TRTs	p. 212
6.2.3 Evaluation of TRTs	p. 213
6.2.3.1 Analytical models	p. 214
6.2.3.2 Numerical models	p. 218
6.3 Thermal tracer test	p. 220
References	p. 224
7 Case studies	p. 229
7.1 Case study Altach (Austria)	p. 232
7.2 Limmat Valley aquifer Zurich (Switzerland)	p. 239
7.3 Bad Wurzach (Germany)	p. 243
References	p. 248
Index	p. 251

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