Linear collider physics in the new millennium

The high energy electron-positron linear collider is expected to provide crucial clues to many of the fundamental questions of our time: What is the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking? Does a Standard Model Higgs boson exist, or does nature take the route of supersymmetry, technicolor or extra dimensions, or none of the foregoing? This invaluable book is a collection of articles written by experts on many of the most important topics which the linear collider will focus on. It is aimed primarily at graduate students but will undoubtedly be useful also to any active researcher on the physics of the next generation linear collider.

G.A. Blair and D.J. MillerJohn F. Gunion and Howard E. Haber and Rick Van KootenY. SuminoJonathan L. Feng and Mihoko M. NojiriWolfgang KilianKlaus MonigJoAnne L. HewettPhilip N. BurrowsTohru TakahashiDavid Atwood and Amarjit SoniKeisuke Fujii and Michael E. Peskin

Preface	p. v
List of Contributors	p. xvii
Chapter 1 The Machine and Detector	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 1
2 The Machine	p. 1
2.1 Required Energy and Luminosity	p. 1
2.2 Why a Linear Collider?	p. 3
2.3 The Proposed Machines	p. 7
2.4 X-ray Free Electron Laser	p. 11
2.5 Electron and Positron Sources	p. 13
2.6 Damping Rings	p. 13
2.7 Final Focus	p. 14
2.8 Crossing Angle and Number of Collision Points	p. 15
2.9 Measuring Beam Energy and Luminosity Spectrum	p. 16
2.10 The [gamma gamma], [gamma]e and e[superscript -]e[superscript -] Options	p. 18
2.11 The GigaZ Option	p. 19
3 Machine Detector Interface	p. 20
3.1 Backgrounds	p. 20
3.2 Mask Region	p. 23
4 Requirements for the Detectors	p. 24
4.1 Energy Flow	p. 26
4.2 Tracking	p. 27
4.2.1 Momentum Vector Measurement	p. 27
4.2.2 Vertexing Systems	p. 31
4.3 Calorimetry	p. 33
4.3.1 Electromagnetic Calorimeter	p. 34
4.3.2 Hadronic Calorimeter	p. 35
References	p. 36
Chapter 2 Higgs Physics at the Linear Collider	p. 41
1 Introduction	p. 41
2 Expectations for Electroweak Symmetry Breaking	p. 44
3 The Standard Model Higgs Boson-Theory	p. 50
3.1 Standard Model Higgs Boson Decay Modes	p. 50
3.2 Standard Model Higgs Boson Production at the LC	p. 52
4 SM Higgs Searches before the Linear Collider	p. 54
4.1 Direct Search Limits from LEP	p. 54
4.2 Implications of Precision Electroweak Measurements	p. 54
4.3 Expectations for Tevatron Searches	p. 56
4.4 Expectations for LHC Searches	p. 58
5 Higgs Bosons in Low-energy Supersymmetry	p. 60
5.1 MSSM Higgs Sector at Tree Level	p. 63
5.2 The Radiatively Corrected MSSM Higgs Sector	p. 65
5.3 MSSM Higgs Boson Decay Modes	p. 72
5.4 MSSM Higgs Boson Production at the LC	p. 73
6 MSSM Higgs Boson Searches before the LC	p. 75
6.1 Direct Search Limits from LEP	p. 75
6.2 MSSM Higgs Searches at the Tevatron	p. 76
6.3 MSSM Higgs Searches at the LHC	p. 77
7 Non-exotic Extended Higgs Sectors	p. 80
7.1 The Decoupling Limit	p. 81
7.2 Constraints from Precision Electroweak Data and LC Implications	p. 82
7.3 Constraints on Higgs Bosons with VV Coupling	p. 84
7.4 Detection of Non-exotic Extended Higgs Sector Scalars at the Tevatron and LHC	p. 85
7.5 LC Production Mechanisms for Non-exotic Extended Higgs Sector Scalars	p. 86
8 Exotic Higgs Sectors and Other Possibilities	p. 89
8.1 A Triplet Higgs Sector	p. 90
8.2 Pseudo Nambu Goldstone Bosons	p. 91
9 LC Measurements of Higgs Boson Properties	p. 91
9.1 Mass	p. 92
9.2 Coupling Determinations - Light Higgs Boson	p. 95
9.2.1 Cross Sections	p. 95
9.2.2 Branching Ratios	p. 96
9.2.3 Radiative Production, tth	p. 98
9.2.4 Self-Coupling	p. 99
9.2.5 Implications for the MSSM Higgs Sector	p. 101
9.3 Coupling Determinations - Intermediate Mass Higgs Boson	p. 103
9.3.1 Cross Sections	p. 103
9.3.2 Branching Ratios	p. 104
9.4 Coupling Determinations - Heavy Higgs Boson	p. 105
9.4.1 Cross Sections	p. 105
9.4.2 Branching Ratios	p. 105
9.5 Summary of Couplings	p. 106
9.6 Total Width	p. 107
9.7 Quantum Numbers	p. 108
9.8 Precision Studies of Non-SM-like Higgs Bosons	p. 111
10 The Giga-Z Option - Implications for Higgs Physics	p. 113
10.1 Giga-Z and the MSSM	p. 113
10.2 Giga-Z and Non-exotic Extended Higgs Sectors	p. 115
11 The [gamma gamma] Collider Option	p. 115
12 Concluding Remarks	p. 121
Acknowledgments	p. 121
References	p. 122
Chapter 3 Top Quark Physics	p. 135
1 Introduction	p. 135
2 Top Quark Threshold Region	p. 136
2.1 Physics Motivations and Goals	p. 137
2.1.1 Top Mass Determination	p. 137
2.1.2 Testing Dynamics of tt Resonances	p. 137
2.1.3 Examinations of Various Top Quark Interactions	p. 138
2.2 Top Quark Mass	p. 138
2.2.1 How to Determine the Mass	p. 138
2.2.2 Simulation Studies on Expected Precision	p. 139
2.2.3 Renormalon Problem and Renormalon Cancellation	p. 140
2.2.4 Theoretical Prediction for the 1S Energy Level	p. 142
2.2.5 Physical Implications	p. 143
2.2.6 Remaining Theoretical Uncertainties	p. 145
2.3 Dynamics and Observables	p. 145
2.3.1 Time Evolution	p. 145
2.3.2 Production Process of Top Quarks	p. 148
2.3.3 Decay of Top Quarks and Final-State Interactions	p. 155
2.4 Measurements of Top Quark Couplings	p. 162
2.4.1 Measurements of [delta subscript t], gtH, [alpha subscript s]	p. 163
2.4.2 CP Violating Couplings	p. 170
2.4.3 Production and Decay Vertices	p. 174
3 Open Top Region	p. 175
3.1 Short Review	p. 175
3.1.1 Yukawa Coupling	p. 175
3.1.2 Form Factors	p. 176
3.1.3 Top Mass Reconstruction	p. 177
3.2 Use of Inclusive Observables in Studying Form Factors	p. 178
4 Conclusions	p. 182
References	p. 183
Chapter 4 Supersymmetry and the Linear Collider	p. 187
1 Introduction	p. 187
2 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model	p. 189
2.1 Particle Content	p. 189
2.2 Supersymmetric Matter Interactions	p. 191
2.3 Supersymmetric Gauge Interactions	p. 194
2.4 Supersymmetry-breaking Terms	p. 194
2.5 Sleptons	p. 196
2.6 Charginos and Neutralinos	p. 198
3 Successes and Puzzles	p. 199
3.1 Unification	p. 200
3.2 Dark Matter	p. 201
3.3 Flavor Violation	p. 202
3.4 CP Violation	p. 204
3.5 Proton Decay	p. 204
4 Models	p. 205
4.1 Minimal Supergravity	p. 207
4.2 Focus Point Supersymmetry	p. 210
4.3 Superheavy Supersymmetry	p. 212
4.4 Gauge Mediation	p. 213
4.5 Anomaly Mediation	p. 215
4.6 GUT and Planck Scale Frameworks	p. 217
5 Slepton Studies	p. 218
5.1 Signal and Background	p. 218
5.2 Slepton Masses	p. 220
5.3 Polarized Cross Sections	p. 225
5.4 Lepton Flavor Violation	p. 229
5.5 Tau Polarization from Stau Decay	p. 232
6 Chargino and Neutralino Studies	p. 234
6.1 Signal and Background	p. 234
6.2 Masses and Polarized Cross Sections	p. 235
6.3 CP Violation	p. 238
7 Testing Supersymmetry	p. 241
7.1 Verifying Supersymmetry	p. 241
7.2 Super-oblique Parameters	p. 243
8 Determining the Scale of Supersymmetry Breaking	p. 246
9 Extrapolation to the Planck Scale	p. 247
10 Connections to Cosmology	p. 248
11 Conclusions	p. 252
Acknowledgements	p. 253
References	p. 253
Chapter 5 Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking	p. 259
1 Introduction	p. 259
1.1 Particle Masses	p. 259
1.2 Exponentials	p. 261
1.3 Higgs or No Higgs?	p. 262
1.4 Models of Dynamical Symmetry Breaking	p. 263
2 Effective Theories of Electroweak Interactions	p. 264
2.1 The Bottom-up Approach	p. 264
2.2 Anomalous Couplings	p. 269
2.3 Custodial Symmetry	p. 270
3 Goldstone Boson Scattering	p. 271
3.1 Quasielastic Scattering at Leading Order	p. 272
3.2 Custodial Symmetry Relations	p. 272
3.3 Next-to-leading Order Contributions	p. 273
3.4 Unitarity Constraints	p. 274
3.5 Resonances and New Particles	p. 276
4 Measuring Higgs Sector Parameters at a Linear Collider	p. 279
4.1 Precision Observables	p. 279
4.2 Triple Gauge Couplings	p. 282
4.3 W and Z Scattering Amplitudes	p. 284
5 Conclusions	p. 287
References	p. 288
Chapter 6 Physics of Electroweak Gauge Bosons	p. 291
1 Introduction	p. 291
2 Production of Gauge Bosons	p. 294
3 Properties of Gauge Bosons	p. 296
3.1 Standard Model Predictions	p. 296
3.2 Status at Present Colliders	p. 299
3.3 Prospects for the Linear Collider	p. 301
3.4 Interpretation of the Precision Measurements	p. 306
4 Measurements of the CKM Matrix	p. 308
5 Interactions amongst Gauge Bosons	p. 312
5.1 Experimental Procedures	p. 314
5.2 Results at LEP and the Tevatron	p. 318
5.3 Expectation from the Linear Collider	p. 319
6 Strong Electroweak Symmetry Breaking	p. 321
7 Conclusions	p. 327
References	p. 328
Chapter 7 New Physics at the TeV Scale and Beyond	p. 331
1 Introduction	p. 331
2 Contact Interactions and Compositeness	p. 334
3 Extended Gauge Sectors	p. 338
3.1 Z' Discovery Limits and Identification	p. 340
3.2 W' Discovery Limits and Identification	p. 344
4 Extra Spatial Dimensions	p. 347
4.1 Large Extra Dimensions	p. 348
4.2 TeV-scale Extra Dimensions	p. 356
4.3 Warped Extra Dimensions with Localized Gravity	p. 363
5 Direct Production of New Particles	p. 368
5.1 New Leptons	p. 369
5.2 Leptoquarks	p. 370
6 Unconventional Theories and Possible Surprises	p. 372
6.1 String Resonances	p. 373
6.2 Non-Commutative Field Theories	p. 374
7 Conclusions	p. 376
References	p. 377
Chapter 8 QCD	p. 383
1 Introduction	p. 383
1.1 Hadronic Final States	p. 383
1.2 Quantum Chromodynamics	p. 385
1.3 QCD and the Linear Collider	p. 386
2 Event Selection	p. 386
2.1 The Problem	p. 386
2.2 Initial State Radiation and Beamstrahlung	p. 387
2.3 Selection Cuts	p. 387
3 Precise Measurement of [alpha subscript s]	p. 388
3.1 Introduction	p. 388
3.2 Current Status	p. 389
3.3 Measurement of [alpha subscript s] at the Linear Collider	p. 389
3.3.1 Event Shape Observables	p. 390
3.3.2 The tt System	p. 394
3.3.3 A High-luminosity Run at the Z[superscript 0] Resonance	p. 396
4 Q[superscript 2] Evolution of [alpha subscript s]	p. 396
5 QCD Studies of ttg Events	p. 398
5.1 Soft Gluon Radiation in ttg Events	p. 398
5.2 Anomalous Chromomagnetic Top Quark Couplings	p. 398
6 Symmetry Tests Using Beam Polarisation	p. 400
7 Further Important Topics	p. 402
7.1 Casimir Factor Analysis	p. 402
7.2 Charged Particle Multiplicity	p. 403
7.3 Colour Reconnection Effects	p. 404
7.4 Hadronisation Studies and Renormalon Physics	p. 404
7.5 Jet Properties and Detector Design	p. 405
8 Summary and Conclusions	p. 406
Acknowledgements	p. 406
References	p. 406
Chapter 9 Gamma-Gamma and Other Options	p. 409
1 Introduction	p. 409
2 Luminosity	p. 410
2.1 [gamma gamma] Collider	p. 410
2.2 e[gamma] Collider	p. 414
2.3 e[superscript -]e[superscript -] Collider	p. 416
2.4 Summary of the Luminosities	p. 417
3 Higgs Boson in [gamma gamma] Interaction	p. 417
3.1 Two Photon Decay Width of the Light Higgs Bosons	p. 419
3.2 Heavy Higgs Bosons	p. 420
3.3 Measurement of CP Nature of the Higgs Boson	p. 421
4 Supersymmetry	p. 422
4.1 Sfermion and Chargino Production by [gamma gamma] Collisions	p. 422
4.2 Selectron in the e[gamma] Collisions	p. 423
4.3 Selectron in e[superscript -]e[superscript -] Collisions	p. 424
5 Precise Measurement of Standard Model Particles	p. 426
5.1 Anomalous Coupling of the W Bosons	p. 426
5.2 Top Quarks in the [gamma gamma] Interaction	p. 428
5.3 Precise Determination of Weinberg Angle by e[superscript -]e[superscript -] Interaction	p. 429
5.4 Search for the Extra-Dimensions	p. 430
6 Other Experimental Issues	p. 431
6.1 Hadronic Cross Section	p. 431
6.2 Luminosity Measurement	p. 432
7 Summary	p. 434
References	p. 435
Chapter 10 CP Violation at the Linear Collider	p. 437
1 Introduction	p. 437
2 Single Top Polarimetry	p. 438
3 Top Pair Polarimetry	p. 440
3.1 Constraints on Top Dipole Moments	p. 446
4 Three Particle Final States	p. 447
4.1 Tree Level e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to ttH and e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to ttZ	p. 447
4.2 CP Asymmetries in e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to Zh with Subsequent Higgs Decay h to tt	p. 455
5 Some Other Topics, in Brief	p. 458
5.1 Threshold Studies of e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to tt	p. 458
5.2 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to ttg	p. 458
5.3 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to ttv[subscript e]v[subscript e]	p. 458
Acknowledgments	p. 459
References	p. 459
Chapter 11 Overall Perspective	p. 463
1 Grand View of Particle Physics	p. 463
2 Highlights of the LC Physics Programs	p. 465
2.1 The Higgs Boson	p. 465
2.2 Supersymmetry	p. 467
2.3 The Top Quark and the W Boson	p. 468
2.4 Z[superscript 0]'s and Other 4-fermion Interactions	p. 469
3 Relation of the ILC to the LHC	p. 470
4 Experimentation at the ILC	p. 473
5 Benchmark Processes for Evaluating the ILC Detectors	p. 476
5.1 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to Zh	p. 477
5.2 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to Zhh	p. 479
5.3 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to tth	p. 479
5.4 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to tt	p. 480
5.5 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to e[superscript + subscript R]e[superscript - subscript R], [mu superscript + subscript R mu superscript - subscript R]	p. 481
5.6 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to X[superscript + subscript 1]X[superscript - subscript 1]	p. 483
5.7 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to [tau superscript + subscript 1 tau superscript + subscript 1]	p. 484
5.8 e[superscript +]e[superscript -] to X[superscript 0 subscript 1]X[superscript 0 subscript 1] (GMSB)	p. 485
6 Choice of the LC Energy and Luminosity	p. 486
7 Conclusions	p. 488
Acknowledgements	p. 489
References	p. 489
Index	p. 491

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