Color atlas and manual of microscopy for criminalists, chemists, and conservators

Professionals in many disciplines, from archeology to forensic science and anthropology, must be able to identify organic and inorganic fibers and particles. In a single source, this book presents a range of simple methods to help readers quickly characterize and identify a broad range of materials. Covering substances such as hair and fibers, minerals and soils, paints, drugs, and dust, the book presents the basic principles of microscopy and directions for sample preparation and examination. Most importantly, it offers more than 400 color photomicrographs of the most commonly encountered materials for specimen comparison and rapid identification.

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Petraco and Kubic (both, John Jay College) have prepared a must-have resource for any individual working as, or contemplating a career as, an examiner of physical evidence in a forensic science laboratory. The authors are experienced practitioners of forensic science and have spared no effort to provide detailed descriptions and protocols of items of evidence that require microscopic analyses. Subjects treated include paint; soil and mineral examination; and gemstone identification. The book particularly excels in its discussions and illustrations of hair and fiber examinations. The outstanding feature of this book is the extraordinary quality and quantity of color photographs and photomicrographs generously placed throughout. Where required, sample-handling techniques are accurately depicted through the use of photographs. A section is devoted to case studies with accompanying color photographs. Finally, the book concludes with an invaluable collection of photomicrographs showing human and animal hairs, synthetic fibers, and paints and pigments. ^BSumming Up: Essential. Lower-division undergraduates through professionals; two-year technical program students. R. Saferstein Widener University

Chapter 1 Basic Light Microscopy	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Basic Parts of Compound Microscope with Emphasis on PLM	p. 3
Fundamental Compound Microscope Theory with Emphasis on PLM	p. 3
Fundamental Polarized Light Microscope Theory	p. 3
References	p. 6
Chapter 2 Preliminary Examination, Stereomicroscopy, and Basic Sample Preparation	p. 21
Preliminary Examination and Stereomicroscopy	p. 21
Microscope Slides and Preparation	p. 21
Specimen Preparation	p. 22
Human Hair, Animal Hair, and Natural and Synthetic Fibers	p. 22
Particles, Glass, and Paint Chips	p. 22
References	p. 23
Chapter 3 Basic Observations and Measurements with Polarized Light Microscopy	p. 37
Refractive Index and Relief	p. 37
Physical and Morphological Properties	p. 38
Micrometry	p. 38
Determining Optical Properties	p. 39
References	p. 39
Chapter 4 Chemical Microscopy and Microtechnique	p. 49
Basic Methods and Techniques of Chemical Microscopy	p. 49
Solubility Testing	p. 49
Evaporation	p. 49
Decantation	p. 49
Sublimation	p. 49
Fusion	p. 50
Chamot and Mason Reagent Application Methods	p. 50
References	p. 50
Chapter 5 Identification and Comparison of Human Hair	p. 57
Examination	p. 57
Somatic Origin	p. 57
Regional Origin	p. 57
Glossary of Hair Terms	p. 58
References	p. 59
Chapter 6 Animal Hair Identification	p. 69
Macroscopic and Microscopic Examinations	p. 69
Macroscopic Examination	p. 69
Microscopic Examination	p. 69
Cuticle	p. 69
Medulla	p. 69
Cortex	p. 70
Color and Color Banding	p. 70
Shaft and Cross-Sectional Shapes	p. 70
Root Morphology	p. 70
Species Determination and Comparisons	p. 70
References	p. 70
Chapter 7 Synthetic Fiber Identification	p. 77
Preliminary Examination Procedure	p. 77
Man-Made Natural and Synthetic Fibers	p. 77
References	p. 79
Chapter 8 Natural Fiber Identification	p. 89
Preliminary Examination Procedure	p. 89
Identification of Natural Fibers	p. 89
References	p. 90
Natural Fiber Appendix	p. 100
Chapter 9 Textile Examination	p. 109
Structures of Fibers	p. 109
Yarn Structures	p. 109
Fabric Structures	p. 110
Fabric Analysis	p. 110
Textile Glossary	p. 111
References	p. 112
Chapter 10 Paint Examination	p. 123
Paint Use and Composition	p. 123
Paint Examination	p. 123
References	p. 125
Chapter 11 Soil and Mineral Examination	p. 135
Method	p. 135
Initial Observation	p. 135
Color Matching	p. 136
Mounting in Melt Mount 1.539	p. 136
Mineral Identification	p. 136
Counting Procedure	p. 136
Discussion	p. 137
References	p. 137
Mineral Atlas	p. 144
Chapter 12 Gemstone Identification	p. 151
Procedures for Characterizing and Identifying Gemstones	p. 151
Preliminary Examination	p. 151
Microscopic Examination	p. 151
Optical Examination	p. 151
Gemstone Identification	p. 152
References	p. 152
Chapter 13 Dust Examination	p. 165
Composition of Dust Specimens	p. 165
Preliminary Examination	p. 165
Characterization of Human Hair	p. 166
Characterization of Animal Hair	p. 166
Characterization of Synthetic Fibers	p. 167
Characterization of Minerals, Glass, and Related Materials	p. 168
Dust Evaluation	p. 168
References	p. 168
Chapter 14 Case Studies	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Case 1 p. 185
Case 2 p. 186
Case 3 p. 186
Case 4 p. 187
Case 5 p. 187
Case 6 p. 187
Case 7 p. 188
Case 8 p. 188
Case 9 p. 188
Case 10 p. 189
Case 11 p. 189
Case 12 p. 189
Case 13 p. 190
Case 14 p. 190
Case 15 p. 191
Case 16 p. 191
Case 17 p. 191
Case 18 p. 191
Case 19 p. 191
Case 20 p. 191
Case 21 p. 192
Case 22 p. 192
Case 23 p. 192
Conclusion	p. 192
Appendix A Human Hair Atlas	p. 217
Cortex	p. 218
Medulla	p. 222
Cuticle	p. 223
Roots and Tips	p. 225
Somatic Origin	p. 227
Region of Origin	p. 231
Treated Hair	p. 232
Damage and Artifacts	p. 233
Diseases and Conditions	p. 235
Contributors to Human Hair Atlas	p. 237
Appendix B Animal Hair Atlas	p. 239
References	p. 239
Appendix C Synthetic Fibers	p. 257
Category 1 Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Views	p. 258
Category 2 PLM Appearance	p. 260
Category 3 Becke Line Movement	p. 264
Category 4 Fiber Treatment	p. 267
Category 5 Fluorescence	p. 269
Category 6 Pleochroism	p. 269
Category 7 Miscellaneous Fibers	p. 270
Appendix D Paints and Pigments	p. 273
Additional Sample Preparation Procedure	p. 273
Tests for Binders	p. 273
Waxes	p. 273
Drying Oils	p. 273
Animal Fats	p. 273
Oils and Fats	p. 273
Resins	p. 273
Proteins	p. 274
Gum Arabic	p. 274
Collagen and Gelatin	p. 274
Starches	p. 274
Cellulose	p. 274
Clays	p. 274
References	p. 274
Index	p. 303

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