IP/ATM mobile satellite networks

This practical resource gives professionals the information needed to analyze and evaluate the performance of satellite links and networks, and to understand the issues and limitations of IP/ATM over SATCOM technology, used for the transmission of multimedia information services. The book examines current and future land mobile satellite (LMS) communication systems, and the techniques necessary to support reliable and efficient communication.

Author Notes

John R. Farserotu holds an M.S.E.E. in communications from George Washington University and a Ph.D. from Deft University of Technology.

Farserotu is head of the Wireless Communication Section at CSEM in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, where his research interests include wireless communication, modulation and coding, satellite communication and networking.

050

Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Overview	p. 1
1.2 IMT-2000 and the Role of Satcom and LMS	p. 2
1.2.1 Global coverage	p. 2
1.2.2 Terrestrial alternative or gap-filling in IMT-2000	p. 3
1.2.3 Enable IMT-2000 and the role of LMS	p. 3
1.2.4 Communication architecture employing LMS	p. 3
1.3 Multimedia Information Services	p. 5
1.4 IP and ATM Networks	p. 6
1.5 Preview of the Book	p. 7
1.6 Summary	p. 9
References	p. 9
Chapter 2 Overview of Land Mobile Satellite Communication	p. 11
2.1 Introduction	p. 11
2.1.1 Characteristics and limits of LMS systems	p. 11
2.2 General Orbital Considerations (LEO, MEO, or GEO)	p. 13
2.2.1 General satellite orbital model	p. 14
2.2.2 Orbital period	p. 15
2.2.3 Coverage, beamwidth, and range	p. 16
2.2.4 Intersatellite crosslinks	p. 17
2.3 Frequency Allocations and Regulatory Issues	p. 18
2.4 Interference Constraints	p. 20
2.4.1 Interference limits	p. 20
2.4.2 MSS space-to-Earth band (2,170-2,200 MHz)	p. 20
2.4.3 MSS Earth-to-space band (2,170-2,200 MHz)	p. 20
2.4.4 Satellite unwanted emissions	p. 21
2.4.5 User terminal unwanted emissions	p. 21
2.4.6 WLANs and short-range wireless links in the ISM band	p. 21
2.5 Link Budget Analysis	p. 21
2.5.1 Power and gain	p. 22
2.5.2 Path losses	p. 22
2.5.3 Thermal noise	p. 22
2.5.4 Link analysis for satellite with onboard processing	p. 23
2.6 Over View of Existing and Planned Systems	p. 23
2.6.1 Globalstar	p. 24
2.6.2 ICO	p. 25
2.6.3 INMARSAT-C	p. 26
2.6.4 Iridium	p. 26
2.6.5 Orbcomm	p. 26
2.7 Land Mobile Satcom in the IMT-2000	p. 26
2.7.1 UTRA and WCDMA	p. 27
2.7.2 S-UMTS	p. 27
2.8 S-UMTS ITU-R RTT PROPOSALS	p. 28
2.8.1 SAT-CDMA	p. 29
2.8.2 ESA RTT proposals	p. 29
2.8.3 ICO global communications RTT proposal	p. 31
2.8.4 Other (non-ITU proposals)	p. 31
2.8.5 Services and performance requirements	p. 31
2.9 Evolving Towards Fourth-Generation Mobile Systems and Beyond (a Unified Approach)	p. 33
2.9.1 Mobile broadband service	p. 33
2.9.2 Broadband SATCOM: ATM-SATCOM systems and developments	p. 34
2.10 Summary	p. 36
References	p. 36
Chapter 3 Land Mobile Satellite Communication Channel	p. 39
3.1 Multipath Fading	p. 40
3.1.1 Rayleigh fading and the diffuse multipath signal components	p. 40
3.1.2 The signal	p. 41
3.2 Rayleigh Fading Process and the Diffuse Signal Components	p. 42
3.3 Rician Fading and the Los and Specular Signal Components	p. 43
3.3.1 LOS and specular components	p. 43
3.3.2 Rician fading	p. 44
3.4 Nakagami Fading Model	p. 46
3.5 Shadowing and the Lognormal Model	p. 46
3.6 Shadowing and Fading (Loo's Model)	p. 47
3.6.1 Shadowing and fading (Loo's model)	p. 47
3.6.2 The signal phase	p. 47
3.7 Frequency, Time, and Space Selective Fading	p. 48
3.7.1 Coherence bandwidth (f[subscript 0])	p. 48
3.7.2 Coherence length ([iota subscript 0])	p. 48
3.7.3 Coherence time ([tau subscript 0])	p. 48
3.7.4 Angle of arrival deviation ([sigma subscript 0])	p. 49
3.8 Power Spectral Density	p. 49
3.8.1 Case 1 (omni antenna)	p. 50
3.8.2 Case 2 (directive antenna)	p. 51
3.9 Power Delay Spectrum	p. 51
3.9.1 Case 1 (omni antenna)	p. 51
3.9.2 Case 2 (directive antenna)	p. 52
3.10 Fading Rate	p. 53
3.10.1 Level crossing rate	p. 53
3.10.2 Case 1 (Rayleigh fading)	p. 54
3.10.3 Case 2 (Rician fading)	p. 54
3.11 Rayleigh Fade Statistics	p. 54
3.11.1 Average fade duration	p. 54
3.11.2 Availability in multipath fading	p. 55
3.12 Summary	p. 56
References	p. 56
Appendix 3A Useful Equations	p. 58
Chapter 4 System Design Issues	p. 59
4.1 Introduction	p. 59
4.2 The Waveform and System Design Drivers	p. 60
4.2.1 LMS air interface drivers	p. 60
4.2.2 Cost and complexity of CDMA systems	p. 61
4.2.3 LMS architecture	p. 61
4.3 Waveform and Technology Considerations	p. 62
4.3.1 Multiple access techniques and issues	p. 63
4.3.2 CDMA for LMS	p. 63
4.3.3 Multiuser detection and interference cancellation	p. 64
4.3.4 Interference cancellation	p. 67
4.3.5 Channel estimation and equalization	p. 68
4.3.6 Power control	p. 68
4.3.7 Synchronization	p. 70
4.3.8 Modulation	p. 71
4.3.9 Error control and correction issues for LMS	p. 73
4.3.10 Duplexing	p. 74
4.3.11 Handover	p. 74
4.3.12 Receiver implementation and equalization	p. 75
4.3.13 Adaptive equalization	p. 76
4.3.14 Interleaving	p. 77
4.3.15 Adaptive "smart" antenna technology	p. 78
4.3.16 Side information and waveform implementation	p. 78
4.3.17 Security	p. 79
4.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 79
References	p. 80
Chapter 5 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques	p. 83
5.1 Introduction	p. 83
5.2 FDMA	p. 83
5.2.1 FDMA capacity	p. 86
5.2.2 ACI limitation	p. 86
5.2.3 Frequency uncertainty and guard band	p. 86
5.2.4 Frequency uncertainty due to drift and wander	p. 87
5.2.5 Sensitivity to intermod products	p. 87
5.3 TDMA	p. 88
5.4 Time and Frequency Uncertainty Over Satellite Links	p. 89
5.4.1 The sources of time and frequency uncertainty	p. 91
5.4.2 Satellite motion	p. 92
5.4.3 Time uncertainty due to wander and drift	p. 94
5.4.4 Short-term stability: Timing jitter between clocks	p. 95
5.5 DS-CDMA	p. 95
5.5.1 CDMA capacity	p. 96
5.5.2 DS-CDMA receiver	p. 97
5.5.3 IP/ATM over CDMA integration issues	p. 101
5.6 Hybrid FH/DS-CDMA Waveform	p. 102
5.7 Wcdma-Based S-UMTS Air Interface	p. 103
5.7.1 CDMA codes for UMTS	p. 104
5.8 Summary	p. 107
References	p. 107
Chapter 6 MPSK TCM	p. 109
6.1 Introduction	p. 109
6.2 Modeling of MPSK and Pragmatic MPSK TCM	p. 110
6.2.1 General MPSK performance model	p. 111
6.2.2 Pragmatic MPSK TCM performance model and modifications	p. 113
6.3 Pragmatic MPSK TCM Performance	p. 117
6.3.1 Performance in AWGN	p. 117
6.3.2 Performance in Rician fading	p. 118
6.3.3 Performance in Rayleigh fading	p. 120
6.4 MPSK TCM with Symbol Diversity	p. 121
6.5 Concatenated Reed-Solomon MPSK TCM	p. 122
6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 123
References	p. 124
Appendix 6A Terms at Hamming Distance 12	p. 125
Chapter 7 Antennas	p. 127
7.1 Introduction	p. 127
7.2 Basics of Antennas for LMS	p. 127
7.2.1 Directivity and gain	p. 127
7.2.2 The LMS terminal	p. 129
7.2.3 Tracking	p. 129
7.3 Antennas and Diversity	p. 130
7.3.1 Antenna diversity in the ground segment	p. 130
7.3.2 Satellite diversity	p. 131
7.3.3 Diversity combining techniques	p. 131
7.4 Smart Antennas	p. 136
7.4.1 Phased array	p. 136
7.4.2 Adaptive array	p. 137
7.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 140
References	p. 140
Chapter 8 Multimedia Information Services for LMS	p. 143
8.1 Introduction	p. 143
8.1.1 What is multimedia?	p. 143
8.1.2 Design goals of multimedia systems	p. 144
8.2 Multimedia Information Services	p. 145
8.2.1 Mobile multimedia services	p. 145
8.2.2 Multimedia over LMS issues	p. 146
8.2.3 Content	p. 147
8.2.4 Reuseable objects, distribution, and delivery mechanisms	p. 147
8.2.5 Service from a SATCOM perspective	p. 148
8.2.6 Comments on mobile broadband service	p. 149
8.2.7 Security	p. 149
8.3 Overview of Standards	p. 150
8.3.1 MPEG standards for multimedia	p. 150
8.3.2 Status of MPEG4 over mobile	p. 151
8.3.3 Error resilient video coding	p. 151
8.4 Quality of Service Requirements	p. 152
8.4.1 Delay	p. 152
8.4.2 Error performance	p. 153
8.5 A Hypothetical Reference Connection for Land Mobile Satellite	p. 153
8.5.1 Error performance apportionment	p. 153
8.5.2 Delay and delay equalization	p. 154
8.5.3 Sources of delay variation	p. 155
8.5.4 Satellite motion induced delay variation	p. 155
8.6 Network Service Perspectives	p. 156
8.6.1 IP and ATM networks	p. 156
8.6.2 Point-to-point service	p. 157
8.6.3 Broadcast service	p. 157
8.6.4 Multicast service (via satellite)	p. 157
8.7 Middleware	p. 158
8.7.1 What is middleware?	p. 158
8.7.2 Resource allocation and adaptability	p. 158
8.8 Summary	p. 159
References	p. 160
Chapter 9 ATM over SATCOM	p. 163
9.1 Introduction to ATM	p. 163
9.1.1 The potential benefits of ATM over SATCOM	p. 163
9.1.2 Key issues with respect to the operation of ATM over SATCOM	p. 165
9.2 The ATM Protocol Stack	p. 167
9.2.1 Service classes and the B-ISDN reference model	p. 167
9.2.2 ATM cell structure	p. 168
9.3 IP/ATM-SATCOM	p. 169
9.4 The Traffic Profile and Its Relationship to ATM-SATCOM Links	p. 170
9.4.1 Sensitivity to service type and traffic intensity	p. 170
9.4.2 SATCOM implications	p. 171
9.5 ATM QoS Performance Measures	p. 172
9.6 ATM-SATCOM Systems and Developments	p. 173
9.7 IMPLEMENTATION OF ATM-SATCOM Networks	p. 174
9.7.1 ATM-SATCOM relay	p. 174
9.7.2 What are OBP, signal regeneration and OBS?	p. 180
9.7.3 Satellite switched ATM	p. 182
9.8 CDMA-BASED ATM-SATCOM Connection Admission Control	p. 185
9.8.1 Connection admission control	p. 185
9.8.2 Capacity-based ATM-SATCOM CAC for the "switch-in-the-sky"	p. 185
9.8.3 Capacity-based ATM-SATCOM CAC at the SGT	p. 186
9.8.4 ATM-CDMA CAC example	p. 186
9.9 Summary	p. 188
References	p. 188
Chapter 10 TCP/IP over Satellite	p. 191
10.1 Introduction	p. 191
10.2 Description of TCP/IP	p. 191
10.2.1 IP datagram	p. 192
10.2.2 TCP segment	p. 193
10.3 Key Issues and Limitations	p. 194
10.3.1 GEO versus LEO	p. 195
10.3.2 Enhanced TCP	p. 195
10.3.3 QoS awareness	p. 196
10.3.4 IP routing and ATM switching	p. 197
10.3.5 IP routing techniques	p. 198
10.3.6 IP multicasting	p. 201
10.3.7 IP security over SATCOM	p. 201
10.3.8 Congestion control	p. 201
10.4 TCP/IP Over ATM-SATCOM and the Importance of Error Control	p. 202
10.4.1 Performance dependency on TCP window size	p. 202
10.4.2 The combined effects of errors, delay, and window size	p. 203
10.4.3 TCP acknowledgment mechanism	p. 204
10.4.4 The dependency on MTU size and delay	p. 205
10.4.5 Dependency on TCP window size and MTU size	p. 207
10.5 Summary	p. 207
References	p. 207
Chapter 11 Traffic Modeling	p. 211
11.1 Introduction	p. 211
11.2 Poisson Arrivals	p. 212
11.2.1 Poisson distribution	p. 213
11.2.2 Birth-death process state flow diagram	p. 213
11.2.3 Equilibrium equation	p. 214
11.2.4 Balance equation	p. 214
11.3 Queuing Models	p. 215
11.3.1 M/M/1	p. 215
11.3.2 Queuing delay	p. 216
11.3.3 General M/M/S/S and M/D/S/S queues	p. 217
11.3.4 Erlangs and traffic load	p. 218
11.3.5 Grade of service	p. 219
11.3.6 Probability of blocking	p. 219
11.3.7 Probability of blocking and the Erlang B formula	p. 219
11.4 Umts Traffic Considerations	p. 220
11.5 Satcom Considerations	p. 221
11.5.1 SATCOM delay variance analysis for multimedia component services	p. 221
11.5.2 Delay variation common to all ATM VCs on an ATM-SATCOM link	p. 221
11.5.3 Delay variation relative to the ATM VCs on an ATM-SATCOM link	p. 222
11.6 Summary	p. 224
References	p. 224
Chapter 12 MAC Layer Considerations	p. 227
12.1 Introduction	p. 227
12.2 MAC Layer Protocols	p. 227
12.2.1 FAMA protocols	p. 229
12.2.2 DAMA protocols	p. 229
12.2.3 Random access protocols	p. 230
12.2.4 Hybrid random access and reservation protocols	p. 230
12.2.5 Adaptive protocols	p. 230
12.2.6 UMTS MAC protocol point of reference	p. 231
12.2.7 Satellite versus terrestrial MAC	p. 232
12.2.8 Proprietary MAC versus standard MAC for satellites	p. 233
12.3 Connection Admission Control, Resource Allocation, and Management	p. 233
12.3.1 Connection admission control	p. 233
12.3.2 Channel allocation	p. 234
12.3.3 Radio resource allocation and management	p. 235
12.4 Capacity and Resource Estimation	p. 235
12.4.1 Capacity in Erlangs, blocking, and grade of service	p. 235
12.4.2 Resource estimation, accuracy and limitations	p. 237
12.4.3 ALOHA and slotted ALOHA	p. 237
12.5 Slotted ALOHA for UMTS Voice, Data, and Video Traffic	p. 240
12.5.1 Offered traffic in requests per slot	p. 240
12.5.2 Total traffic and probability of collision	p. 240
12.5.3 Delay and the Pollaczek-Khinchin formula	p. 242
12.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 242
References	p. 242
Chapter 13 Cost Issues	p. 245
13.1 Introduction	p. 245
13.2 Cost Model	p. 245
13.2.1 Spacecraft mass	p. 246
13.2.2 Modeling the mass of the communication payload	p. 247
13.2.3 Antennas	p. 248
13.2.4 Gimballed assembly, autotrack receiver, and electronics	p. 249
13.2.5 Receiver, baseband, and multiplexing	p. 249
13.2.6 Power amplifier and assembly	p. 249
13.2.7 Processor	p. 249
13.2.8 Miscellaneous	p. 249
13.2.9 Example SATCOM payload mass	p. 249
13.2.10 Development cost	p. 251
13.2.11 Propellant and ABM	p. 251
13.2.12 Launch cost per kilogram	p. 252
13.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 253
References	p. 253
Appendix 13A Antenna Size and Mass Data	p. 255
Appendix 13B Satellite Mass and Power Data	p. 256
Appendix 13C Spacecraft Cost Data in 1998 U.S. Dollar	p. 257
Appendix 13D Launch Vehicle and Cost	p. 258
Appendix 13E Mass of Communication Payload Components	p. 259
Appendix 13F Power Amplifier and Assembly (PAA) Data	p. 260
List of Acronyms	p. 261
About the Authors	p. 267
Index	p. 271

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