Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles

Nanotechnology is revolutionising the world of materials. This important book reviews its impact in developing a new generation of textile fibers with enhanced functionality and a wide range of applications. The first part of the book reviews nanofiber production, discussing how different fiber types can be produced using electrospinning techniques. Part two analyses the production and properties of carbon nanotubes and polymer nanocomposites and their applications in such areas as aerospace engineering. The third part of the book considers ways of using nanotechnology to improve polymer properties such as thermal stability and dyeability. The final part of the book reviews the use of nanotechnology to modify textile surfaces, including the use of coatings and films, in order to improve hydrophobic, filtration and other properties.

Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles is a valuable reference in assessing and using a new generation of textile fibers in applications as diverse as tissue and aerospace engineering.

Author Notes

Dr Phil Brown is an Assistant Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Clemson University.

Dr Kate Stevens is a Research Associate in the Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films at Clemson University.

D. R. SalemF. K. Ko and M. R. GandhiE. Smit and U. Buttner and R. D. SandersonM. Afshari and R. Kotek and A. E. Tonelli and D.-W. JungT. Lin and X. G. WangM. RegiM. S. P. Shaffer and J. K. W. SandlerR. E. GorgaS. J. BullM. Sfiligoj Smole and K. Stana KleinschekA. E. TonelliQ. Fan and G. ManiR. A. Kalgaonkar and J. P. JogY. K. Kim and P. K. PatraT. Stegmaier and M. Dauner and V. Von Arnim and A. Scherrieble and A. Dinkelmann and H. PlanckG. K. Hyde and J. P. HinestrozaI. LuzinovS. Minko and M. MotornovC. Y. Lew and G. M. McNally

Contributor contact details	p. xiii
Part I Nanofiber production
1 Electrospinning of nanofibers and the charge injection method	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 Principles of electrostatic atomization	p. 3
1.3 Electrospraying and electrospinning by the capillary method	p. 5
1.4 Electrospraying and electrospinning by the charge injection method	p. 12
1.5 References	p. 20
2 Producing nanofiber structures by electrospinning for tissue engineering	p. 22
2.1 Introduction	p. 22
2.2 Fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds	p. 28
2.3 Characterization of nanofibrous scaffolds	p. 30
2.4 Cell-scaffold interaction	p. 36
2.5 Summary and conclusion	p. 42
2.6 Acknowledgments	p. 43
2.7 References	p. 43
3 Continuous yarns from electrospun nanofibers	p. 45
3.1 Introduction	p. 45
3.2 Using electrospun nanofibers: background and terminology	p. 45
3.3 Controlling fiber orientation	p. 48
3.4 Producing noncontinuous or short yarns	p. 49
3.5 Producing continuous yarns	p. 52
3.6 Summary and future trends	p. 66
3.7 Sources of further information and advice	p. 67
3.8 References	p. 68
4 Producing polyamide nanofibers by electrospinning	p. 71
4.1 Introduction	p. 71
4.2 The electrospinning process	p. 71
4.3 Properties of electrospun nanofibers	p. 73
4.4 Measuring the effects of different spinning conditions and the use of high molecular weight polymers on the properties of electrospun nanofibers	p. 75
4.5 Improving the properties of electrospun nanofibers: experimental results	p. 77
4.6 Conclusions	p. 85
4.7 References	p. 87
5 Controlling the morphologies of electrospun nanofibres	p. 90
5.1 Introduction	p. 90
5.2 The electrospinning process and fibre morphology	p. 91
5.3 Polymer concentration and fibre diameter	p. 93
5.4 Fibre bead formation and fibre surface morphology	p. 96
5.5 Controlling fibre alignment and web morphologies	p. 100
5.6 Bicomponent cross-sectional nanofibres	p. 103
5.7 Future trends	p. 107
5.8 Acknowledgements	p. 108
5.9 References	p. 108
Part II Carbon nanotubes and nanocomposites	p. 111
6 Synthesis, characterization and application of carbon nanotubes: the case of aerospace engineering	p. 113
6.1 Introduction	p. 113
6.2 The development and structure of carbon nanotubes	p. 115
6.3 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes	p. 124
6.4 Characterization techniques	p. 140
6.5 Purification techniques	p. 152
6.6 The use of carbon nanotubes in aerospace engineering	p. 157
6.7 Nanostructured composite materials for aerospace applications	p. 162
6.8 Nanostructured solid propellants for rockets	p. 170
6.9 Frequency selective surfaces for aerospace applications	p. 175
6.10 Other aerospace applications of carbon nanotubes	p. 182
6.11 Conclusions	p. 184
6.12 Acknowledgments	p. 184
6.13 References	p. 185
7 Carbon nanotube and nanofibre reinforced polymer fibres	p. 194
7.1 Introduction	p. 194
7.2 Synthesis and properties of carbon nanotubes	p. 197
7.3 Developing nanotube/nanofibre-polymer composites	p. 201
7.4 Adding nanotubes and nanofibres to polymer fibres	p. 206
7.5 Analysing the rheological properties of nanotube/nanofibre-polymer composites	p. 208
7.6 Analysing the microstructure of nanotube/nanofibre-polymer composites	p. 212
7.7 Mechanical, electrical and other properties of nanocomposite fibres	p. 216
7.8 Future trends	p. 221
7.9 References	p. 222
8 Structure and properties of carbon nanotube-polymer fibers using melt spinning	p. 235
8.1 Introduction	p. 235
8.2 Producing carbon nanotube-polymer fibers	p. 236
8.3 Thermal characterization	p. 237
8.4 Fiber morphology	p. 238
8.5 Mechanical properties of fibers	p. 245
8.6 Conclusions and future trends	p. 251
8.7 Sources of further information and advice	p. 252
8.8 Acknowledgments	p. 252
8.9 References	p. 253
9 Multifunctional polymer nanocomposites for industrial applications	p. 256
9.1 Introduction	p. 256
9.2 The development of functional polymer nanocomposites	p. 257
9.3 Improving the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites	p. 258
9.4 Improving the fire-retardant properties of polymer nanocomposites	p. 260
9.5 Improving the tribological properties of polymer nanocomposites	p. 262
9.6 Case-study: development of a nanocomposite sliding seal ring	p. 265
9.7 Enhancing the functionality of polymer nanocomposites	p. 273
9.8 Conclusions	p. 275
9.9 Acknowledgements	p. 275
9.10 References	p. 275
10 Nanofilled polypropylene fibres	p. 281
10.1 Introduction	p. 281
10.2 Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites	p. 282
10.3 The structure and properties of layered silicate polypropylene nanocomposites	p. 284
10.4 Nanosilica filled polypropylene nanocomposites	p. 289
10.5 Calcium carbonate and other additives	p. 291
10.6 Conclusion	p. 293
10.7 References	p. 293
Part III Improving polymer functionality	p. 299
11 Nanostructuring polymers with cyclodextrins	p. 301
11.1 Introduction	p. 301
11.2 Formation and characterization of polymer-cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds	p. 302
11.3 Properties of polymer-cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds	p. 304
11.4 Homo- and block copolymers coalesced from their cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds	p. 308
11.5 Constrained polymerization in monomer-cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds	p. 310
11.6 Coalescence of common polymer-cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds to achieve fine polymer blends	p. 311
11.7 Temporal and thermal stabilities of polymers nanostructured with cyclodextrins	p. 312
11.8 Cyclodextrin-modified polymers	p. 313
11.9 Polymers with covalently bonded cyclodextrins	p. 314
11.10 Conclusions	p. 316
11.11 References	p. 316
12 Dyeable polypropylene via nanotechnology	p. 320
12.1 Introduction	p. 320
12.2 Dyeing techniques for unmodified polypropylene	p. 321
12.3 Modified polypropylene for improved dyeability using copolymerization and other techniques	p. 323
12.4 Polyblending and other techniques for improving polypropylene dyeability	p. 324
12.5 Dyeing polypropylene nanocomposites	p. 326
12.6 Using X-ray diffraction analysis and other techniques to assess dyed polypropylene nanocomposites	p. 334
12.7 Conclusions	p. 345
12.8 Acknowledgments	p. 346
12.9 References	p. 346
13 Polyolefin/clay nanocomposites	p. 351
13.1 Introduction	p. 351
13.2 Organomodification of clays	p. 354
13.3 Polymer/clay nanocomposites	p. 356
13.4 Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites	p. 360
13.5 Polyethylene/clay nanocomposites	p. 367
13.6 Higher polyolefin/clay nanocomposites	p. 372
13.7 Conclusions	p. 374
13.8 References	p. 381
14 Multiwall carbon nanotube-nylon-6 nanocomposites from polymerization	p. 386
14.1 Introduction	p. 386
14.2 Nanocomposite synthesis and production	p. 387
14.3 Characterization techniques	p. 388
14.4 Properties of multiwall carbon nanotube-nylon-6 nanocomposite fibers	p. 391
14.5 Conclusions	p. 404
14.6 Acknowledgments	p. 405
14.7 References	p. 406
Part IV Nanocoatings and surface modification techniques	p. 407
15 Nanotechnologies for coating and structuring of textiles	p. 409
15.1 Introduction	p. 409
15.2 Production of nanofiber nonwovens using electrostatic spinning	p. 410
15.3 Anti-adhesive nanocoating of fibers and textiles	p. 417
15.4 Water- and oil-repellent coatings by plasma treatment	p. 418
15.5 Self-cleaning superhydrophobic surfaces	p. 421
15.6 Sources of further information and advice	p. 427
15.7 References	p. 427
16 Electrostatic self-assembled nanolayer films for cotton fibers	p. 428
16.1 Introduction	p. 428
16.2 Principles of electrostatic self-assembly for creating nanolayer films	p. 428
16.3 Advantages and disadvantages of electrostatic self-assembly	p. 431
16.4 Substrates used for electrostatic self-assembly	p. 432
16.5 Polyelectrolytes used for electrostatic self-assembly	p. 434
16.6 Analyzing self-assembled nanolayer films on cotton	p. 436
16.7 Conclusions: functional textiles for protection, filtration and other applications	p. 439
16.8 References	p. 440
17 Nanofabrication of thin polymer films	p. 448
17.1 Introduction	p. 448
17.2 Macromolecular platform for nanofabrication	p. 449
17.3 'Grafting from' technique for synthesis of polymer films	p. 451
17.4 'Grafting to' technique for synthesis of polymer films	p. 455
17.5 Synthesis of smart switchable coatings	p. 458
17.6 Synthesis of ultrahydrophobic materials	p. 464
17.7 Conclusions	p. 466
17.8 Acknowledgments	p. 466
17.9 References	p. 467
18 Hybrid polymer nanolayers for surface modification of fibers	p. 470
18.1 Introduction: smart textiles via thin hybrid films	p. 470
18.2 Mechanisms of responsive behavior in thin polymer films	p. 471
18.3 Polymer-polymer hybrid layers	p. 478
18.4 Polymer-particles hybrid layers	p. 484
18.5 Hierarchical assembly of nanostructured hybrid films	p. 485
18.6 Future trends	p. 489
18.7 Sources of further information and advice	p. 490
18.8 Acknowledgment	p. 490
18.9 References	p. 490
19 Structure-property relationships of polypropylene nanocomposite fibres	p. 493
19.1 Introduction	p. 493
19.2 Materials, processing and characterisation techniques	p. 495
19.3 Structure and morphology	p. 497
19.4 Phase homogeneity and spinline stability	p. 502
19.5 Optical birefringence and infrared activation	p. 505
19.6 Crystallisation behaviour and mechanical performance	p. 509
19.7 Exfoliation by extensional flow deformation	p. 513
19.8 Conclusions	p. 514
19.9 References	p. 515
Index	p. 519

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