Biological and pharmaceutical nanomaterials

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Title:

Series:

Nanotechnologies for the life sciences ; 2

Publication Information:

Weinheim : John Wiley, 2006

ISBN:

9783527313822

Subject Term:

Nanostructured materials

Biomedical materials

Pharmaceutical biotechnology

Added Author:

Challa S. S. R. Kumar

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... IBD Library	30000010042600	TA418.9.N35 B564 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010102555	TA418.9.N35 B564 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This first comprehensive yet concise overview of all important classes of biological and pharmaceutical nanomaterials presents in one volume the different kinds of natural biological compounds that form nanomaterials or that may be used to purposefully create them. This unique single source of information brings together the many articles published in specialized journals, which often remain unseen by members of other, related disciplines. Covering pharmaceutical, nucleic acid, peptide and DNA-Chitosan nanoparticles, the book focuses on those innovative materials and technologies needed for the continued growth of medicine, healthcare, pharmaceuticals and human wellness.
For chemists, biochemists, cell biologists, materials scientists, biologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

Author Notes

Challa Kumar is currently the Group Leader of Nanofabrication at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), Baton Rouge, USA. His research interests are in developing novel synthetic methods for functional nanomaterials and innovative therapeutic, diagnostic and sensory tools based on nanotechnology. Prior to eight years of industrial R&D with ICI and United Breweries, he researched at the Max Planck Institutes for Biochemistry in Munich and for Carbon Research in Mülheim, both Germany. He obtained his Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry from Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prashanti Nilayam, India.

Thom LaBean and Sung Ha ParkGuy Zuber and Benedicte Pons and Andrew W. FraleySarah WeismanJulio C. Fernandes and Marcio Jose Tiera and Francoise M. WinnikAnne-Marie Orecchioni and Cecile Duclairoir and Juan Manuel Irache and Evelyne NakacheKlaus LangerJuan Manuel Irache and Socorro EspuelasMargit Sara and D. Pum and C. Huber and N. Ilk and M. Pleschberger and U. B. SleytrJonghwi Lee and Gio-Bin Lim and Hesson ChungRainer H. Muller and Eliana B. Souto and Torsten Goppert and Sven GohlaMostafa Sadoqi and Sunil Kumar and Cesar Lau-Cam and Vishal SaxenaR. Pawar and A. Avramoff and A. J. Domb

Preface	p. XIV
List of Contributors	p. XVII
I DNA-based Nanomaterials	p. 1
1 Self-assembled DNA Nanotubes	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 DNA Nanotubes Self-assembled from DX Tiles	p. 4
1.3 3DAE-E DX Tile Nanotubes	p. 5
1.4 DAE-O DX Tile Nanotubes	p. 9
1.5 TX Tile Nanotubes	p. 11
1.6 4 x 4 Tile Nanotubes	p. 14
1.7 6HB Tile Nanotubes	p. 16
1.8 Applications	p. 18
1.9 Summary and Perspectives	p. 19
References	p. 20
2 Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles	p. 23
2.1 Introduction	p. 23
2.2 The Chemical and Physical Properties of Therapeutic DNA	p. 25
2.3 Preparation of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization	p. 27
2.3.1 Rationale	p. 27
2.3.2 Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization of Surfactants	p. 31
2.3.3 Organization of the Surfactant-DNA Complexes	p. 35
2.3.4 Quantification of the Stability of Surfactant-DNA Complexes	p. 35
2.4 DNA Functionalization for Cell Recognition and Internalization	p. 37
2.4.1 Strategies for Functionalization	p. 37
2.4.2 Intercalation	p. 38
2.4.3 Triple Helix Formation with Oligodeoxyribonucleotides	p. 39
2.4.4 Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs)	p. 41
2.4.5 Interactions of DNA with Fusion Proteins	p. 42
2.4.6 Agents that Bind to the Minor Groove	p. 43
2.5 DNA Nanoparticles: Sophistication for Cell Recognition and Internalization	p. 43
2.5.1 Preparation of DNA Nanoparticles Enveloped with a Protective Coat and Cell Internalization Elements	p. 43
2.5.2 Biomedical Application: Cell Targeting and Internalization Properties of Folate-PEG-coated Nanoparticles	p. 46
2.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 46
References	p. 47
3 Lipoplexes	p. 51
3.1 Introduction	p. 51
3.2 DNA Lipoplexes	p. 51
3.2.1 Composition	p. 51
3.2.2 Nanostructure and Microstructure	p. 52
3.2.2.1 Equilibrium Morphology	p. 52
3.2.2.2 Nonequilibrium Morphology	p. 55
3.2.2.3 Lipoplex Size	p. 57
3.2.3 Lipofection Efficiency	p. 57
3.2.3.1 In Vitro	p. 57
3.2.3.2 In Vivo	p. 59
3.3 ODN Lipoplexes	p. 60
3.4 siRNA Lipoplexes	p. 62
Acknowledgments	p. 62
References	p. 62
4 DNA-Chitosan Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy: Current Knowledge and Future Trends	p. 68
4.1 Introduction	p. 68
4.2 Chitosan as a Carrier for Gene Therapy	p. 69
4.2.1 Chitosan Chemistry	p. 69
4.2.2 General Strategies for Chitosan Modification	p. 71
4.2.3 Chitosan-DNA interactions: Transfection Efficacy of Unmodified Chitosan	p. 71
4.3 Modified Chitosans: Strategies to Improve the Transfection Efficacy	p. 79
4.3.1 The Effects of Charge Density/Solubility and Degree of Acetylation	p. 79
4.3.2 Improving the Physicochemical Characteristics of the Nanoparticulate Systems: Solubility, Aggregation and RES Uptake	p. 80
4.3.3 Targeting Mediated by Cell Surface Receptors	p. 81
4.3.4 Hydrophobic Modification: Protecting the DNA and Improving the Internalization Process	p. 83
4.4 Methods of Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles	p. 84
4.4.1 Complex Coacervation	p. 84
4.4.2 Crosslinking Methods	p. 86
4.4.2.1 Chemical Crosslinking	p. 86
4.4.2.2 Ionic Crosslinking or Ionic Gelation	p. 86
4.4.2.3 Emulsion Crosslinking	p. 87
4.4.2.4 Spray Drying	p. 88
4.4.2.5 Other Methods	p. 89
4.5 DNA Loading into Nano- and Microparticles of Chitosan	p. 91
4.6 DNA Release and Release Kinetics	p. 93
4.7 Preclinical Evidence of Chitosan-DNA Complex Efficacy	p. 95
4.8 Potential Clinical Applications of Chitosan-DNA in Gene Therapy	p. 97
4.9 Conclusion	p. 99
Acknowledgments	p. 99
References	p. 99
II Protein & Peptide-based Nanomaterials	p. 115
5 Plant Protein-based Nanoparticles	p. 117
5.1 Introduction	p. 117
5.2 Description of Plant Proteins	p. 118
5.2.1 Pea Seed Proteins	p. 119
5.2.2 Wheat Proteins	p. 119
5.3 Preparation of Protein Nanoparticles	p. 120
5.3.1 Preparation of Legumin and Vicilin Nanoparticles	p. 121
5.3.2 Preparation of Gliadin Nanoparticles	p. 122
5.4 Drug Encapsulation in Plant Protein Nanoparticles	p. 124
5.4.1 RA Encapsulation in Gliadin Nanoparticles	p. 124
5.4.2 VE Encapsulation in Gliadin Nanoparticles	p. 125
5.4.3 Lipophilic, Hydrophilic or Amphiphilic Drug Encapsulation	p. 126
5.5 Preparation of Ligand-Gliadin Nanoparticle Conjugates	p. 127
5.6 Bioadhesive Properties of Gliadin Nanoparticles	p. 129
5.6.1 Ex Vivo Studies with Gastrointestinal Mucosal Segments	p. 130
5.6.2 In Vivo Studies with Laboratory Animals	p. 131
5.7 Future Perspectives	p. 135
5.7.1 Size Optimization	p. 135
5.7.2 Immunization in Animals	p. 136
5.8 Conclusion	p. 137
References	p. 137
6 Peptide Nanoparticles	p. 145
6.1 Introduction	p. 145
6.2 Starting Materials for the Preparation of Nanoparticles	p. 146
6.3 Preparation Methods	p. 148
6.3.1 Nanoparticle Preparation by Emulsion Techniques	p. 148
6.3.1.1 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Albumin-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles	p. 148
6.3.1.2 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Gelatin-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles	p. 151
6.3.1.3 Emulsion Technique for the Preparation of Casein-based Microspheres and Nanoparticles	p. 153
6.3.2 Nanoparticle Preparation by Coacervation	p. 154
6.3.2.1 Complex Coacervation Techniques for the Preparation of Nanoparticles	p. 154
6.3.2.2 Simple Coacervation (Desolvation) Techniques for the Preparation of Nanoparticles	p. 155
6.4 Basic Characterization Techniques for Peptide Nanoparticles	p. 159
6.5 Drug Targeting with Nanoparticles	p. 161
6.5.1 Passive Drug Targeting with Particle Systems	p. 163
6.5.2 Active Drug Targeting with Particle Systems	p. 163
6.5.3 Surface Modifications of Protein-based Nanoparticles	p. 164
6.5.4 Surface Modification by Different Hydrophilic Compounds	p. 164
6.5.5 Surface Modification by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Derivatives	p. 165
6.5.6 Surface Modification by Drug-targeting Ligands	p. 166
6.5.7 Different Surface Modification Strategies	p. 168
6.6 Applications as Drug Carriers and for Diagnostic Purposes	p. 169
6.6.1 Protein-based Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy	p. 170
6.6.2 Parenteral Application Route	p. 172
6.6.2.1 Preclinical Studies with Protein-based Particles	p. 172
6.6.2.2 Clinical Studies with Protein-based Particles	p. 172
6.6.3 Topical Application of Protein-based Particles	p. 174
6.6.4 Peroral Application of Protein-based Particles	p. 175
6.7 Immunological Reactions with Protein-based Microspheres	p. 175
6.8 Concluding Remarks	p. 176
References	p. 176
7 Albumin Nanoparticles	p. 185
7.1 Introduction	p. 185
7.2 Serum Albumin	p. 186
7.3 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles	p. 187
7.3.1 "Conventional" Albumin Nanoparticles	p. 188
7.3.1.1 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles by Desolvation or Coacervation	p. 189
7.3.1.2 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles by Emulsification	p. 192
7.3.1.3 Other Techniques to Prepare Albumin Nanoparticles	p. 193
7.3.2 Surface-modified Albumin Nanoparticles	p. 193
7.3.3 Drug Encapsulation in Albumin Nanoparticles	p. 194
7.4 Biodistribution of Albumin Nanoparticles	p. 196
7.5 Pharmaceutical Applications	p. 198
7.5.1 Albumin Nanoparticles for Diagnostic Purposes	p. 198
7.5.1.1 Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 198
7.5.1.2 Echo-contrast Agents	p. 199
7.5.2 Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers for Oligonucleotides and DNA	p. 199
7.5.3 Albumin Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cancer	p. 201
7.5.3.1 Fluorouracil and Methotrexate Delivery	p. 201
7.5.3.2 Paclitaxel Delivery	p. 202
7.5.3.3 Albumin Nanoparticles in Suicide Gene Therapy	p. 203
7.5.4 Magnetic Albumin Nanoparticles	p. 204
7.5.5 Albumin Nanoparticles for Ocular Drug Delivery	p. 205
7.5.5.1 Topical Drug Delivery	p. 205
7.5.5.2 Intravitreal Drug Delivery	p. 205
7.6 Concluding Remarks	p. 207
References	p. 208
8 Nanoscale Patterning of S-Layer Proteins as a Natural Self-assembly System	p. 219
8.1 Introduction	p. 219
8.2 General Properties of S-Layers	p. 220
8.2.1 Structure, Isolation, Self-Assembly and Recrystallization	p. 220
8.2.2 Chemistry and Molecular Biology	p. 221
8.2.3 S-Layers as Carbohydrate-binding Proteins	p. 223
8.3 Nanoscale Patterning of S-Layer Proteins	p. 224
8.3.1 Properties of S-Layer Proteins Relevant for Nanoscale Patterning	p. 224
8.3.2 Immobilization of Functionalities by Chemical Methods	p. 225
8.3.3 Patterning by Genetic Approaches	p. 226
8.3.3.1 The S-Layer Proteins SbsA, SbsB and SbsC	p. 226
8.3.3.2 S-Layer Fusion Proteins	p. 228
8.4 Spatial Control over S-Layer Reassembly	p. 241
8.5 S-Layers as Templates for the Formation of Regularly Arranged Nanoparticles	p. 242
8.5.1 Binding of Molecules and Nanoparticles to Functional Domains	p. 242
8.5.2 In Situ Synthesis of Nanoparticles on S-Layers	p. 244
8.6 Conclusions and Outlook	p. 244
Acknowledgments	p. 245
References	p. 245
III Pharmaceutically Important Nanomaterials	p. 253
9 Methods of Preparation of Drug Nanoparticles	p. 255
9.1 Introduction	p. 255
9.2 Structures of Drug Nanoparticles	p. 257
9.3 Thermodynamic Approaches	p. 257
9.3.1 Lipid-based Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles	p. 258
9.3.2 What is a Lipid?	p. 259
9.3.3 Liquid Crystalline Phases of Hydrated Lipids with Planar and Curved Interfaces	p. 260
9.3.4 Oil-in-water-type Lipid Emulsion	p. 261
9.3.5 Liposomes	p. 261
9.3.6 Cubosomes and Hexosomes	p. 262
9.3.7 Other Lipid-based Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles	p. 263
9.4 Mechanical Approaches	p. 264
9.4.1 Types of Processing	p. 264
9.4.2 Characteristics of Wet Comminution	p. 266
9.4.3 Drying of Liquid Nanodispersions	p. 267
9.5 SCF Approaches	p. 270
9.5.1 SCF Characteristics	p. 270
9.5.2 Classification of SCF Particle Formation Processes	p. 271
9.5.3 RESS	p. 272
9.5.4 SAS	p. 273
9.5.5 SEDS	p. 274
9.6 Electrostatic Approaches	p. 275
9.6.1 Electrical Potential and Interfaces	p. 275
9.6.2 Electrospraying	p. 277
References	p. 280
10 Production of Biofunctionalized Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Site-specific Drug Delivery	p. 287
10.1 Introduction	p. 287
10.2 Concept of Differential Adsorption	p. 289
10.3 Production of SLN	p. 292
10.4 Functionalization by Surface Modification	p. 294
10.5 Conclusions	p. 298
References	p. 299
11 Biocompatible Nanoparticulate Systems for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy	p. 304
11.1 Introduction	p. 304
11.2 Nanoscale Particulate Systems and their Building Blocks/Components	p. 305
11.2.1 Dendrimers	p. 305
11.2.2 Buckyballs and Buckytubes	p. 307
11.2.3 Quantum Dots	p. 309
11.2.4 Polymeric Micelles	p. 310
11.2.5 Liposomes	p. 310
11.3 Biodegradable Nanoparticles	p. 312
11.3.1 Preparation of Nanoparticles	p. 313
11.4 Biodegradable Optical Nanoparticles	p. 314
11.4.1 Optical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor Diagnosis	p. 314
11.4.2 Optical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor Treatment	p. 315
11.5 Optical Imaging and PDT	p. 317
11.5.1 Optical Imaging	p. 317
11.5.1.1 Fluorescence-based Optical Imaging	p. 317
11.5.1.2 NIR Fluorescence Imaging	p. 317
11.5.1.3 NIR Dyes for Fluorescence Imaging	p. 318
11.5.2 PDT	p. 318
11.5.2.1 Basis of PDT	p. 319
11.5.2.2 Photosensitizers for PDT	p. 320
11.5.3 ICG: An Ideal Photoactive Agent for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment	p. 320
11.5.3.1 Clinical Uses of ICG	p. 320
11.5.3.2 Structure and Physicochemical Properties of ICG	p. 321
11.5.3.3 Binding Properties of ICG	p. 321
11.5.3.4 Metabolism, Excretion and Pharmacokinetics of ICG	p. 322
11.5.3.5 Toxicity of ICG	p. 322
11.5.3.6 Tumor Imaging with ICG	p. 322
11.5.3.7 PDT with ICG	p. 323
11.5.3.8 Limitations of ICG for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment	p. 324
11.5.3.9 Recent Approaches for Improving the Blood Circulation Time and Uptake of ICG by Tumors	p. 325
11.5.3.10 Recent Approaches for ICG Stabilization In Vitro	p. 326
11.6 PLGA-based Nanoparticulate Delivery System for ICG	p. 327
11.6.1 Rationale of Using a PLGA-based Nanoparticulate Delivery System for ICG	p. 327
11.6.2 In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of ICG Solutions and Nanoparticles	p. 331
11.7 Conclusions and Future Work	p. 336
References	p. 338
12 Nanoparticles for Crossing Biological Membranes	p. 349
12.1 Introduction	p. 349
12.2 Cell Membranes	p. 350
12.2.1 Functions of Biological Membranes	p. 351
12.2.2 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Membranes	p. 352
12.3 Problems of Drugs Crossing through Biological Membranes	p. 354
12.3.1 Through the Skin	p. 354
12.3.1.1 Mechanical Irritation of Skin	p. 355
12.3.1.2 Low-voltage Electroporation of the Skin	p. 355
12.3.2 Through the BBB	p. 357
12.3.2.1 Small Drugs	p. 359
12.3.2.1.1 Limitations of Small Drugs	p. 359
12.3.2.2 Peptide Drug Delivery via SynB Vectors	p. 360
12.3.3 GI Barrier	p. 360
12.3.3.1 Intestinal Translocation and Disease	p. 361
12.4 Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery	p. 362
2.4.1 Skin	p. 363
12.4.1.1 Skin as Semipermeable Nanoporous Barrier	p. 363
12.4.1.2 Hydrophilic Pathway through the Skin Barrier	p. 363
12.4.2 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) Skin Delivery	p. 364
12.4.2.1 Chemical Stability of SLN	p. 364
12.4.2.2 In Vitro Occlusion of SLN	p. 365
12.4.2.3 In Vivo SLN: Occlusion, Elasticity and Wrinkles	p. 365
12.4.2.4 Active Compound Penetration into the Skin	p. 365
12.4.2.5 Controlled Release of Cosmetic Compounds	p. 365
12.4.2.6 Novel UV Sunscreen System Using SLN	p. 366
12.4.3 Polymer-based Nanoparticulate Delivery to the Skin	p. 366
12.4.4 Subcutaneous Nanoparticulate Antiepileptic Drug Delivery	p. 366
12.4.5 Nanoparticulate Anticancer Drug Delivery	p. 367
12.4.5.1 Paclitaxel	p. 368
12.4.5.2 Doxorubicin	p. 368
12.4.5.3 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)	p. 369
12.4.5.4 Antineoplastic Agents	p. 369
12.4.5.5 Gene Delivery	p. 369
12.4.5.6 Breast Cancer	p. 370
12.4.6 Nanofibers Composed of Nonbiodegradable Polymer	p. 370
12.4.6.1 Electrostatic Spinning	p. 371
12.4.6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 371
12.4.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)	p. 371
12.5 Nanoparticulate Delivery to the BBB	p. 371
12.5.1 Peptide Delivery to the BBB	p. 372
12.5.1.1 Peptide Conjugation through a Disulfide Bond	p. 373
12.5.2 Biodegradable Polymer Based Nanoparticulate Delivery to BBB	p. 373
12.5.3 Nanoparticulate Gene Delivery to the BBB	p. 374
12.5.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery to the BBB	p. 375
12.5.5 Nanoparticulate Thiamine-coated Delivery to the BBB	p. 376
12.5.6 Nanoparticle Optics and Living Cell Imaging	p. 376
12.6 Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery	p. 378
12.6.1 Lectin-conjugated Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery	p. 379
12.6.2 Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate-based Delivery	p. 380
12.6.3 Polymer-Based Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate Delivery	p. 381
12.6.3.1 Polyacrylamide Nanospheres	p. 381
12.6.3.2 Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) PACA Nanocapsules	p. 381
12.6.3.3 Derivatized Amino Acid Microspheres	p. 382
12.6.4 Lymphatic Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery	p. 382
12.6.5 Oral Nanosuspension Delivery	p. 383
12.6.6 Mucoadhesion of Nanoparticles after Oral Administration	p. 384
12.6.7 Protein Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery	p. 384
References	p. 385
Index	p. 394

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