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Searching... | 30000010080096 | TA418.9.C6 A32 2003 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
Searching... | 30000010076607 | TA418.9.C6 A32 2003 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
In recent years, nanocomposites have captured and held the attention and imagination of scientists and engineers alike. Based on the simple premise that by using a wide range of building blocks with dimensions in the nanosize region, it is possible to design and create new materials with unprecedented flexibility and improvements in their physical properties.
This book contains the essence of this emerging technology, the underlying science and motivation behind the design of these structures and the future, particularly from the perspective of applications. It is intended to be a reference handbook for future scientists and hence carries the basic science and the fundamental engineering principles that lead to the fabrication and property evaluation of nanocomposite materials in different areas of materials science and technology.
Author Notes
Pulickel M. Ajayan is Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Linda S. Schadler is Associate Professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Paul V. Braun received PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1998. Following a one year post-doctoral appointment at Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, he joined the faculty at the University of Illinois at U-C in 1999 as an assistant professor of Materials Science and Engineering
Table of Contents
1 Bulk Metal and Ceramics Nanocomposites | p. 1 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.2 Ceramic/Metal Nanocomposites | p. 3 |
1.2.1 Nanocomposites by Mechanical Alloying | p. 6 |
1.2.2 Nanocomposites from SolGel Synthesis | p. 8 |
1.2.3 Nanocomposites by Thermal Spray Synthesis | p. 11 |
1.3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites | p. 14 |
1.4 Bulk Ceramic Nanocomposites for Desired Mechanical Properties | p. 18 |
1.5 Thin-Film Nanocomposites: Multilayer and Granular Films | p. 23 |
1.6 Nanocomposites for Hard Coatings | p. 24 |
1.7 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanocomposites | p. 31 |
1.8 Functional Low-Dimensional Nanocomposites | p. 35 |
1.8.1 Encapsulated Composite Nanosystems | p. 36 |
1.8.2 Applications of Nanocomposite Wires | p. 44 |
1.8.3 Applications of Nanocomposite Particles | p. 45 |
1.9 Inorganic Nanocomposites for Optical Applications | p. 46 |
1.10 Inorganic Nanocomposites for Electrical Applications | p. 49 |
1.11 Nanoporous Structures and Membranes: Other Nanocomposites | p. 53 |
1.12 Nanocomposites for Magnetic Applications | p. 57 |
1.12.1 Particle-Dispersed Magnetic Nanocomposites | p. 57 |
1.12.2 Magnetic Multilayer Nanocomposites | p. 59 |
1.12.2.1 Microstructure and Thermal Stability of Layered Magnetic Nanocomposites | p. 59 |
1.12.2.2 Media Materials | p. 61 |
1.13 Nanocomposite Structures having Miscellaneous Properties | p. 64 |
1.14 Concluding Remarks on Metal/Ceramic Nanocomposites | p. 69 |
2 Polymer-based and Polymer-filled Nanocomposites | p. 77 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 77 |
2.2 Nanoscale Fillers | p. 80 |
2.2.1 Nanofiber or Nanotube Fillers | p. 80 |
2.2.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes | p. 80 |
2.2.1.2 Nanotube Processing | p. 85 |
2.2.1.3 Purity | p. 88 |
2.2.1.4 Other Nanotubes | p. 89 |
2.2.2 Plate-like Nanofillers | p. 90 |
2.2.3 Equi-axed Nanoparticle Fillers | p. 93 |
2.3 Inorganic FillerPolymer Interfaces | p. 96 |
2.4 Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites | p. 100 |
2.4.1 Nanotube/Polymer Composites | p. 100 |
2.4.2 Layered FillerPolymer Composite Processing | p. 103 |
2.4.2.1 Polyamide Matrices | p. 107 |
2.4.2.2 Polyimide Matrices | p. 107 |
2.4.2.3 Polypropylene and Polyethylene Matrices | p. 108 |
2.4.2.4 Liquid-Crystal Matrices | p. 108 |
2.4.2.5 Polymethylmethacrylate/Polystyrene Matrices | p. 108 |
2.4.2.6 Epoxy and Polyurethane Matrices | p. 109 |
2.4.2.7 Polyelectrolyte Matrices | p. 110 |
2.4.2.8 Rubber Matrices | p. 110 |
2.4.2.9 Others | p. 111 |
2.4.3 Nanoparticle/Polymer Composite Processing | p. 111 |
2.4.3.1 Direct Mixing | p. 111 |
2.4.3.2 Solution Mixing | p. 112 |
2.4.3.3 In-Situ Polymerization | p. 112 |
2.4.3.4 In-Situ Particle Processing Ceramic/Polymer Composites | p. 112 |
2.4.3.5 In-Situ Particle Processing Metal/Polymer Nanocomposites | p. 114 |
2.4.4 Modification of Interfaces | p. 117 |
2.4.4.1 Modification of Nanotubes | p. 117 |
2.4.4.2 Modification of Equi-axed Nanoparticles | p. 118 |
2.4.4.3 Small-Molecule Attachment | p. 118 |
2.4.4.4 Polymer Coatings | p. 119 |
2.4.4.5 Inorganic Coatings | p. 121 |
2.5 Properties of Composites | p. 122 |
2.5.1 Mechanical Properties | p. 122 |
2.5.1.1 Modulus and the Load-Carrying Capability of Nanofillers | p. 122 |
2.5.1.2 Failure Stress and Strain Toughness | p. 127 |
2.5.1.3 Glass Transition and Relaxation Behavior | p. 131 |
2.5.1.4 Abrasion and Wear Resistance | p. 132 |
2.5.2 Permeability | p. 133 |
2.5.3 Dimensional Stability | p. 135 |
2.5.4 Thermal Stability and Flammability | p. 136 |
2.5.5 Electrical and Optical Properties | p. 138 |
2.5.5.1 Resistivity, Permittivity, and Breakdown Strength | p. 138 |
2.5.5.2 Optical Clarity | p. 140 |
2.5.5.3 Refractive Index Control | p. 141 |
2.5.5.4 Light-Emitting Devices | p. 141 |
2.5.5.5 Other Optical Activity | p. 142 |
2.6 Summary | p. 144 |
3 Natural Nanobiocomposites, Biomimetic Nanocomposites, and Biologically Inspired Nanocomposites | p. 155 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 155 |
3.2 Natural Nanocomposite Materials | p. 157 |
3.2.1 Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles | p. 159 |
3.2.2 Biologically Synthesized Nanostructures | p. 160 |
3.3 Biologically Derived Synthetic Nanocomposites | p. 165 |
3.3.1 Protein-Based Nanostructure Formation | p. 165 |
3.3.2 DNA-Templated Nanostructure Formation | p. 167 |
3.3.3 Protein Assembly | p. 169 |
3.4 Biologically Inspired Nanocomposites | p. 171 |
3.4.1 Lyotropic Liquid-Crystal Templating | p. 178 |
3.4.2 Liquid-Crystal Templating of Thin Films | p. 194 |
3.4.3 Block-Copolymer Templating | p. 195 |
3.4.4 Colloidal Templating | p. 197 |
3.5 Summary | p. 207 |
4 Modeling of Nanocomposites | p. 215 |
4.1 Introduction: The Need For Modeling | p. 215 |
4.2 Current Conceptual Frameworks | p. 216 |
4.3 Multiscale Modeling | p. 217 |
4.4 Multiphysics Aspects | p. 220 |
4.5 Validation | p. 221 |
Index | p. 223 |