Zero emissions power cycles

Focusing on fossil-fueled, nonpolluting power generation systems, Zero Emissions Power Cycles presents alternative solutions to the severe emissions problems of power plants. Along with a description of new thermodynamic cycles and the results of computational analyses, this volume provides modern analytical tools and equations to evaluate exergy and introduce "currentology".

The authors explore various aspects of zero emissions power plant (ZEPP) technology, including carbon dioxide sequestration, ion transport, and oxygen enrichment. They show that ZEPP technology can:

Provide affordable, clean power to meet expanding energy demand Solve critical environmental problems, such as eliminating carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions Address energy security issues by supporting the use of diverse fossil fuels, including integrated coal gasification and pulverized coal combustion Ease the economic cost of sustainable energy supplies primarily through the use of cogenerated carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery

Addressing the significant human contribution to global warming, this book presents reasonable and effective approaches to minimize the harmful pollution that results from fossil fuel emissions. It shows how to create and operate ZEPPs, making our energy future clean, secure, and inexpensive.

Author Notes

Yantovsky, Evgeny; Gorski, J.; Shokotov, Mykola

Professor Dr. E. Yantovsky

Preface
Biographical Notes
Acronyms
Chapter 1 Controversial Future	p. 1
1.1 Introduction and Forecast	p. 1
1.2 Reasons for Climate Change	p. 4
1.3 Controversial Statements	p. 5
1.4 Unavoided Carbon Capture at ZEPP (Zero Emission Power Plant)	p. 7
1.5 The Origin of Hydrocarbon Fuels	p. 9
1.6 Thermodynamics of a Reaction with Methane Formation of CO 2 and Fayalite	p. 14
1.7 Emerging Task-The Sequestration	p. 16
References	p. 16
Chapter 2 Cycles Review	p. 19
2.1 Carbon Capture Methods	p. 19
2.2 Early Attempts	p. 21
2.3 Industry First Becomes Interested	p. 23
2.4 Continued Development	p. 26
2.5 ZEPP Cycles Incorporating Oxygen Ion Transport Memberanes	p. 34
2.6 Zero Emissions Vehicle Cycle-Preliminary Section	p. 40
2.7 Toward a Zero Emissions Industry	p. 43
2.8 An Important Paper	p. 45
2.9 Some Additional Remarks	p. 45
References	p. 67
Chapter 3 Zero Emissions Quasicombined Cycle with External Oxygen Supply	p. 73
3.1 Carbon Dioxide-Thermodynamic Properties, Pure and Mixtures	p. 73
3.2 Gas Mixtures	p. 80
3.3 Efficiency of Compressor and Turbine for Real Gas Conditions	p. 83
3.4 Detailed Simulation of a Zero Emissions Power Cycle on Pure Carbon Dioxide	p. 85
References	p. 93
Chapter 4 Oxygen Ion Transport Membranes	p. 95
4.1 Nernst Effect	p. 95
4.2 Oxygen Ion Transport Membrane Reactors for ZEPPS	p. 98
4.3 Chemical Looping Combustion	p. 103
References	p. 105
Chapter 5 The ZEITMOP Cycle and Its Variants	p. 107
5.1 The ZEITMOP Cycle with Separate ITMR and Coal-Powder Firing	p. 107
5.2 Gas-Fired ZEITMOP Version with Combined ITMR and Combustor	p. 108
5.3 A Zero Emissions Boiler House for Heating and Cooling	p. 111
5.4 A Transport Power Unit Version Using a Turbine	p. 111
5.5 A Zero Emissions Aircraft Engine	p. 114
5.6 A Membrane Smokeless Heater	p. 115
5.7 A Zero Emissions Rankine Cycle	p. 116
5.8 Boiler Integrated with ITM Combustor	p. 116
References	p. 118
Chapter 6 Detailed Simulation of the ZEITMOP Cycle	p. 121
6.1 Turbomachinery for Carbon Dioxide as a Working Substance	p. 121
6.2 ZEITMOP Cycle Analysis	p. 126
6.3 ZEITMOP Cycle with Combined Combustion Chamber and ITM Reactor	p. 130
6.4 Simulation of Oxygen Transport Membrane Units	p. 133
6.5 Results and Discussion	p. 135
References	p. 138
Chapter 7 Zero Emissions Piston Engines with Oxygen Enrichment	p. 141
7.1 Main Culprit	p. 141
7.2 ZEMPES Outline	p. 141
7.3 Hi-Ox ZEMPES	p. 145
7.4 Addition of Thermochemical Recuperation (TCR)	p. 147
7.5 Membrane Reactor for Piston Engines	p. 148
7.6 Zero Emissions Turbodiesel	p. 151
7.7 Membrane Reactor for Turbodiesel	p. 153
7.8 Numeric Example	p. 154
7.9 High-Temperature Heat Exchanger for Turbodiesel	p. 157
7.10 Economics of ZEMPES on Different Fuels	p. 158
7.11 Piston Engine with Pressure Swing Adsorption Oxygen Reactor	p. 162
7.11.1 The Proposed Schematics	p. 162
7.11.2 Oxygen Separation from Air	p. 166
7.11.3 Calculation Results	p. 167
7.12 Trigenerator for Enhancement of Oil Recovery (EOR)	p. 169
7.12.1 Calculations	p. 171
References	p. 174
Chapter 8 Solar Energy Conversion through Photosynthesis and Zero Emissions Oxy-Fuel Combustion	p. 177
8.1 Biomass Combustion-Is It a Sustainable Energy?	p. 177
8.2 A Short History of Algae Cultivation and Use	p. 179
8.3 What Is ULVA?	p. 180
8.4 Macroalgae as a Renewable Fuel	p. 184
8.5 Macroalgae Cultivation in Israel and Italy	p. 187
8.6 Energy Flow Concentration	p. 187
8.7 Power Unit Outlook	p. 188
8.8 Gasification	p. 191
8.9 Water Desalination	p. 191
8.10 Comparison with the First Soft Version of 1991	p. 194
References	p. 194
Chapter 9 Associated Tool for Calculations	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
9.1 What is Exergy?	p. 197
9.1.1 Natural Questions	p. 198
9.1.2 Mountain Bike	p. 198
9.1.3 Waterfall	p. 200
9.1.4 Carnot Analogy	p. 201
9.1.5 Thermal Friction	p. 203
9.1.6 A Warning	p. 204
9.1.7 Rubber Balloon	p. 204
9.1.8 What Is Exergy?	p. 206
9.1.9 Reference State	p. 208
9.1.10 Exergy Unit	p. 208
9.1.11 Exergy Efficiency	p. 210
9.1.12 Where Is Exergy Lost?	p. 211
9.1.13 Exergy Flow Direction	p. 212
9.1.14 Exergy from Ocean	p. 212
9.1.15 Heating of Dwellings	p. 215
9.1.16 The Magic Number	p. 217
9.2 Exergonomics	p. 218
9.2.1 Exergy versus Money	p. 219
9.2.2 The Main Criterion of Exergonomics	p. 220
9.2.3 Invested Exergy Models	p. 221
9.2.4 DC Electrical Conductor	p. 222
9.2.5 Heat Transfer through a Wall	p. 223
9.2.6 Thermal Insulation Optimization	p. 225
9.3 Exergy Conversion in the Thermochemical Recuperator of a Piston Engine	p. 227
9.3.1 Example of Exergy Calculation	p. 227
9.3.2 Processes in TCR	p. 228
9.3.3 Exergy Balance	p. 230
9.3.4 Results of Calculations	p. 233
9.4 Currentology an an Intermediate File	p. 234
9.4.1 Divergence Form Equation	p. 234
9.4.2 Information as Negative Entropy	p. 236
9.4.3 Thermal Charges	p. 238
9.4.4 Generalized Friction	p. 239
9.4.5 Some Equations	p. 239
9.4.6 Impulse Conservation	p. 240
9.4.7 Energy Conservation	p. 241
9.4.8 Exergy Current Vector	p. 243
9.4.9 Conductive, Convective and Wave Transfer	p. 244
9.4.10 Infoelectric Effect Expectation	p. 245
9.5 Pareto Optimization of Power Cycles	p. 246
9.5.1 Coordinates Frame	p. 247
9.5.2 Invested and Current Expenditures	p. 248
9.5.3 Exergy Minimization	p. 249
9.5.4 Monetary and Pollution Optimization	p. 250
9.5.5 Pareto Optimization Procedure	p. 251
9.5.6 Numeric Illustrations	p. 252
References	p. 254
Chapter 10 Two Lectures for Students and Faculty of Dublin Institute of Technology (2003)	p. 257
10.1 To Ban or Not To Ban? (On the Human Right To Breathe and Global Warming)	p. 257
10.2 On the Fate of a Mechanical Engineer (Lecture at Dublin Institute of Technology, October 30, 2003)	p. 262
Chapter 11 Concluding Remarks	p. 271
Index	p. 273

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Author Notes

Table of Contents