Approaches to psychology

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Title:

Personal Author:

Glassman, William E.

Edition:

2nd ed.

Publication Information:

Buckingham : Open University Press, 1995

ISBN:

9780335192595

Subject Term:

Psychology

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000003156878	BF121 G52 1995	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This revised and expanded edition of Approaches to Psychology builds on the wide appeal of the earlier editions. It explains what the discipline of psychology is, how it developed and how it contributes to the understanding of human behaviour and experience. This book introduces students to the five major conceptual frameworks or "approaches" to psychology: biological, behaviourist, cognitive, psychodynamic and humanistic. The methods, theories and assumptions of each approach are explored so that the reader builds an understanding of psychology as it applies to human development, social and abnormal behaviour. Book jacket.

Author Notes

William E. Glassman is a Cognitive Psychologist and is currently Professor of Psychology at Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
Marilyn Hadad is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Ryerson University

List of Illustrations	p. xiv
Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgements	p. xxii
1 Behaviour and Psychology	p. 1
The Magic of Behaviour	p. 2
Introduction	p. 2
The Challenge of Psychology	p. 3
Why Different Approaches?	p. 5
Perception and Experience	p. 5
Perception and Theorizing	p. 10
The Origins of Psychology	p. 13
Methods of Studying Behaviour	p. 16
The Role of the Scientific Method in Psychology	p. 16
Introspectionism and Public Observation	p. 17
Measures of Behaviour, Research Settings and Research Methods	p. 19
Non-experimental Methods: Interviews and Surveys	p. 21
Surveys and Sampling Procedures	p. 22
Limitations of Self-reports	p. 23
Naturalistic Observation and Unobtrusive Measures	p. 24
Case Studies	p. 25
Correlations and Non-experimental Research	p. 26
Experiments	p. 28
Quasi-experiments	p. 33
Ethics in Psychological Research	p. 34
Conclusion	p. 38
Chapter Summary	p. 40
2 The Biological Approach	p. 43
Looking for the Mind	p. 44
Introduction	p. 44
The Nature of the Physiological System	p. 47
Mind, Brain and the CNS	p. 47
Neurons and the Nervous System	p. 47
The Brain	p. 50
Studying the Brain	p. 54
Electrical Recording and Stimulation	p. 54
Computerized Imaging Techniques	p. 57
Chemical Processes in Behaviour	p. 59
Neurotransmitters	p. 59
Hormones	p. 60
Interactions of Mind and Body in Behaviour	p. 62
The Effects of Body on Mind	p. 62
The Study of Drug Effects	p. 63
Types of Psychoactive Drugs	p. 65
The Split Brain and the Whole Mind	p. 69
The Split Brain and the Normal Brain	p. 73
The Effects of Mind on Body	p. 75
The Nature of Stress	p. 75
Coping with Stress	p. 79
Mental States and Health	p. 81
The Hereditary Basis of Behaviour	p. 84
Basic Mechanisms of Heredity	p. 85
Nature and Nurture in Behaviour	p. 89
Evolution and Behaviour	p. 91
Conclusion	p. 94
Chapter Summary	p. 96
3 The Behaviourist Approach	p. 99
Mind Doesn't Matter	p. 100
Introduction	p. 100
Basic Assumptions of Behaviourism	p. 101
The Pioneers of Behaviourism	p. 102
Stimuli and Responses	p. 104
Classical Conditioning	p. 106
Classical Conditioning Phenomena	p. 108
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination	p. 108
Extinction and spontaneous Recovery	p. 111
Higher Order Conditioning	p. 113
Applications of Classical Conditioning	p. 114
Conditioned Emotional Responses	p. 115
Conditioned Drug and Immune Responses	p. 117
Operant Conditioning	p. 118
Skinner and Operant Conditioning	p. 120
Reinforcers and Reinforcement	p. 122
Contingencies of Reinforcement	p. 124
Operant Conditioning Phenomena	p. 126
Shaping and the Learning Process	p. 126
Extinction	p. 127
Schedules of Reinforcement	p. 128
Discriminative Stimuli	p. 132
Non-contingent Reinforcement	p. 133
Applications and Implications of Conditioning	p. 134
Negative Reinforcers and the Aversive Control of Operant Behaviour	p. 135
Interrelationships of Classical and Operant Conditioning	p. 137
Autonomic Conditioning and Biofeedback	p. 138
Biological Constraints on Learning	p. 141
Conclusion	p. 145
Chapter Summary	p. 147
4 The Cognitive Approach	p. 149
Thought and Action	p. 150
Introduction	p. 150
Perception and Cognition	p. 154
Learning and Memory	p. 155
Learning as Information Gathering	p. 155
Memory as the Retention of Learning	p. 156
A Basic Model of Memory	p. 157
Encoding and Storage in Memory	p. 159
STM	p. 159
LTM	p. 160
Forgetting	p. 163
Forgetting in STM	p. 163
Forgetting in LTM	p. 165
Memory as Reconstruction	p. 169
Eyewitness Testimony	p. 170
Improving Memory	p. 171
Problem Solving	p. 175
Defining Problems	p. 175
Stages of Problem Solving	p. 175
Types of Problems	p. 176
Models of Problem Solving	p. 177
Gestalt Theory	p. 177
Problem Solving as Information Processing	p. 179
Algorithms	p. 180
Heuristics	p. 181
Creativity in Problem Solving	p. 181
The Formation of Problem Solving Skills	p. 183
Language	p. 184
Language Learning	p. 185
Of Apes and Language	p. 187
Language and Thinking	p. 188
The Cognitive Viewpoint in Other Areas	p. 190
Attitudes and Cognitive Dissonance	p. 191
Attribution Theory	p. 193
Cognition and Emotions	p. 194
Conclusion	p. 197
Chapter Summary	p. 201
5 The Psychodynamic Approach	p. 203
Motivation and the Mind	p. 204
Introduction	p. 204
Freud and Psychoanalysis	p. 205
Freud's Assumptions about Behaviour	p. 206
Exploring the Workings of the Mind	p. 207
Freud's Thory of Consciousness	p. 208
Dreams and Symbolic Expression	p. 209
Drives and the Psychodynamics of Behaviour	p. 211
Freud's Psychodynamic Model of Personality	p. 213
Psychosexual Stages of Development	p. 214
Oral Stage	p. 216
Anal Stage	p. 217
Phallic Stage	p. 218
Latency Stage	p. 220
Genital Stage	p. 221
Fixation and Regression During Development	p. 221
Anxiety and Defence Mechanisms	p. 223
Observing the Unconscious in Behaviour	p. 229
Freudian Slips	p. 229
Free Association	p. 230
Dreams	p. 232
Cross-culture Studies	p. 232
Self-analysis	p. 232
Art	p. 233
Assessing Freud's Work	p. 233
Neo-Freudian and Non-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories	p. 238
Carl Jung and the Collective Unconscious	p. 239
Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology	p. 242
Other Psychodynamic Theorists	p. 244
Conclusion	p. 247
Chapter Summary	p. 250
6 The Humanistic Approach	p. 253
Keeping the Person in 'Personality'	p. 254
Introduction	p. 254
Carl Rogers's Theory	p. 257
Personality and the Self	p. 258
The Organism and the Actualizing Tendency	p. 259
The Phenomenal Field and the Self	p. 260
The Ideal Self, Congruence and Incongruence	p. 261
Personality Development and Conditions for Growth	p. 262
Conditions of Worth and the Would-Should Dilemma	p. 263
Conditional and Unconditional Positive Regard	p. 264
Congruence and Conditions for Growth	p. 265
Human Potential and the Fully Functioning Person	p. 267
Abraham Maslow's Theory	p. 271
Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs	p. 272
Needs and Self-development	p. 274
Self-actualization and Peak Experiences	p. 276
Maslow's Concept of Healthy Growth	p. 278
Extending the Humanistic Approach	p. 282
Existential Psychology	p. 282
Frankl's Logotherapy	p. 283
Positive Psychology	p. 287
Conclusion	p. 290
Chapter Summary	p. 293
7 Perspectives on Development	p. 295
Observing the Journey of Life	p. 296
Introduction	p. 296
Methods of Studying Development	p. 297
Issues in Interpreting Development	p. 301
Continuity vs. Discontinuity	p. 301
Generality vs. Specificity of Models	p. 302
Heredity and Environment	p. 304
Personality and Gender Role Development	p. 308
Personality and its Origins	p. 308
Perspectives on Personality	p. 309
The Biological Approach	p. 309
The Behaviourist Approach	p. 311
The Cognitive Approach	p. 312
The Psychodynamic Approach	p. 314
The Humanistic Approach	p. 314
Summary	p. 315
The Development of Gender Roles	p. 316
The Biological Approach	p. 316
The Behaviourist Approach	p. 317
The Cognitive Approach	p. 319
The Psychodynamic Approach	p. 320
The Humanistic Approach	p. 321
Summary	p. 322
Conclusion	p. 322
Chapter Summary	p. 324
8 Perspectives on Social Behaviour	p. 327
The Individual and Society	p. 328
Introduction	p. 328
Methods of Studying Social Behaviour	p. 331
Issues in the Study of Social Behaviour	p. 334
Perspectives on Aggression	p. 336
Defining Aggression	p. 337
Methods of Studying Aggression	p. 338
Theories of Aggression	p. 339
The Biological Approach	p. 339
The Behaviourist Approach	p. 342
The Cognitive Approach	p. 344
The Psychodynamic Approach	p. 348
The Humanistic Approach	p. 349
Summary	p. 352
Aggression and the Media	p. 353
Perspectives on Prosocial Behaviour	p. 356
Defining Prosocial Behaviour	p. 357
Theories of Altruism	p. 358
The Biological Approach	p. 358
The Behaviourist Approach	p. 359
The Cognitive Approach	p. 359
The Psychodynamic Approach	p. 360
The Humanistic Approach	p. 361
Summary	p. 362
Altruism and Bystander Behaviour	p. 362
Conclusion	p. 366
Chapter Summary	p. 368
9 Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour	p. 369
Who and What is Normal?	p. 370
Introduction	p. 370
Abnormality in Historical Context	p. 371
Classifying Abnormal Behaviour	p. 372
Perspectives on Aetiology and Treatment	p. 377
The Biological Approach	p. 377
The Behaviourist Approach	p. 380
The Cognitive Approach	p. 384
The Psychodynamic Approach	p. 386
The Humanistic Approach	p. 389
Evaluating Therapeutic Techniques	p. 391
Understanding Schizophernia	p. 395
The Biological Approach, the Medical Model and Schizophrenia	p. 397
Alternatives to the Medical Model of Schizophrenia	p. 400
The Behaviourist Approach	p. 400
The Cognitive Approach	p. 402
The Psychodynamic Approach	p. 404
The Humanistic Approach	p. 405
Evaluating Our Understanding of Schizophrenia	p. 407
Conclusion	p. 409
Chapter Summary	p. 410
10 Psychology in Perspective	p. 413
Searching for Answers	p. 414
Introduction	p. 414
Reconsidering the Origins of the Approaches	p. 414
Perception and Theory Formation	p. 415
Objective Evidence vs. Shifting Paradigms	p. 417
Paradigms in Psychology	p. 418
Psychology and Science	p. 420
Limitations of the Scientific Method for Psychology	p. 420
The Search for a New Methodology	p. 422
Psychology and Culture	p. 425
The Many and the One	p. 427
Seeking Convergence	p. 427
Embracing Pluralism	p. 429
Conclusion	p. 431
Chapter Summary	p. 432
Appendix Research Methods and Statistics	p. 435
Making Sense of the Evidence	p. 436
Introduction	p. 436
The Logic of Research	p. 437
Making Observations: Measurement and Sampling	p. 437
Designing Research	p. 439
Pitfalls in Experimental Research	p. 440
Confounds	p. 440
Bias	p. 441
Going From Observation to Interpretation	p. 443
Statistics - Making Sense of the Data	p. 444
Descriptive Statistics - Describing the Data	p. 444
Frequency Distributions	p. 444
Measures of Central Tendency	p. 446
Measures of Variability	p. 449
Properties of Normal Distributions	p. 451
Correlations	p. 452
Inferential Statistics	p. 454
Sampling and Variability	p. 454
Drawing Inferences from a Normal Distribution	p. 454
Inferences about the Significance of Results	p. 455
Decision Errors in Interpreting Data	p. 456
Conclusion	p. 458
Chapter Summary	p. 458
Glossary	p. 461

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